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| Phạm Phong Dinh |
| - Thiếu Tá Vương Văn Trổ, Tiểu Đoàn Trưởng Tiểu Đoàn 3, Trung Đoàn 33, SĐ21BB. Thật ra bản danh sách này chỉ có tính cách ước lệ và tượng trưng, đâu phải một Miền Tây rộng bát ngát mà chỉ có vỏn vẹn có năm người hùng. Mỗi người lính của Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa xứng đáng được vinh danh là những anh hùng, vì những đóng góp máu xương quá lớn cho tổ quốc. Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn sinh ngày 24/3/ 1938 tại xã Vĩnh Thạnh Vân, Rạch Giá. Thân phụ của ông là một hạ sĩ quan phục vụ trong Quân Đội Quốc Gia Việt Nam (danh xưng của quân đội trong thời Đệ Nhất Cộng Hòa, dưới sự lãnh đạo của Tổng Thống Ngô Đình Diệm). Đại Tá Cẩn không may sinh ra và lớn lên trong thời buổi chiến tranh, nên khi lên bảy tuổi ông sắp sửa cắp sách đến trường, thì chiến tranh Việt-Pháp bùng nổ, việc học của ông bị gián đoạn. Mãi hai năm sau, tức vào năm 1947 ông mới được đi học lại, sau khi tình hình ở các thành phố trở lại yên tĩnh, quân Việt Minh rút về các chiến khu, quân Pháp chiếm đóng các thành phố. Cậu bé Cẩn học muộn đến những hai năm, khi ông học tiểu học được bốn năm thì thân sinh của cậu quyết định xin cho cậu nhập học Trường Thiếu Sinh Quân Gia Định. Có lẽ vị thân sinh của người đã nhìn thấy được những dấu hiệu, những nảy nở của tinh thần và ý hướng, mà sau này sẽ hướng người vào con đường binh nghiệp, sẽ làm nên những công nghiệp lớn có ích lợi cho đất nước Cuộc đời đèn sách trễ nải của chàng thiếu niên Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, lúc này đã 17 tuổi, đã ngán bước đi lên về mặt văn hóa. Theo học quy của Trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, một học sinh ở độ tuổi 17 chưa học xong Đệ Ngũ, sẽ được gửi đi học chuyên môn. Vì vậy chàng thiếu niên Hồ Ngọc Cẩn được trường gửi lên Liên Trường Võ Khoa Thủ Đức học khóa chuyên môn CC1 Vũ Khí. Trong lớp văn hóa hồi ở Trường TSQ, ông chỉ ở mức trung bình, nhưng sau ba tháng học ở Thủ Đức, chàng trai trẻ lại đậu hạng ưu. Ông được cho học thêm khóa chuyên môn vũ khí bậc nhì CC2. Sau khóa học này ông quyết định đăng vào phục vụ trong Quân Đội Quốc Gia Việt Nam, với cấp bậc Binh Nhì. Theo quy chế dành cho các Thiếu Sinh Quân, thì ba tháng sau, Binh Nhì Hồ Ngọc Cẩn sẽ được thăng lên Hạ Sĩ, ba tháng kế tiếp được lên Hạ Sĩ Nhất và ba tháng sau nữa được thăng Trung Sĩ. Trong vòng chín tháng kế tiếp, với khả năng ưu hạng về môn vũ khí, Trung Sĩ Hồ Ngọc Cẩn được chọn làm huấn luyện viên vũ khí cho trường. Cuộc đời làm huấn luyện của ông những tưởng êm đềm trôi và tài năng quân sự của người sẽ bị mai một trong một ngôi trường khiêm tốn. Nhưng định mệnh đã dành cho người anh hùng một vị trí xứng đáng trong quân đội và những cơ hội thi thố tài năng, mà sau này được mọi người truyền tụng lại như là những huyền thoại, để phục vụ và bảo vệ tổ quốc. Tình hình quân sự ngày càng nghiêm trọng cho một quốc gia non trẻ và một quân đội còn tập tễnh kinh nghiệm chiến đấu, sĩ quan chỉ huy thiếu hụt. Bộ Quốc Phòng quyết định mở các khóa Sĩ Quan Đặc Biệt bắt đầu từ năm 1962 để cung cấp thêm sĩ quan có khả năng cho chiến trường và nâng đỡ những Hạ Sĩ Quan có ước vọng thăng tiến. Một may mắn lớn cho Trung Sĩ Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, mà cũng là may mắn cho Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa, Đại Tướng Lê Văn Tỵ, Tổng Tham Mưu Trưởng Quân Đội Việt Nam Cộng Hòa, một cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân, đã nâng đỡ cho các đàn em TSQ. Những Thiếu Sinh Quân không hội đủ năm năm quân vụ và có bằng Trung Học Đệ Nhất Cấp vẫn được cho đi học Khóa Sĩ Quan Đặc Biệt. Hơn nữa, dường như Tổng Thống Ngô Đình Diệm và Đại Tướng Lê Văn Tỵ có mật lệnh, các tân Chuẩn Úy xuất thân từ Thiếu Sinh Quân đều được đưa về các binh chủng thiện chiến hay đặc biệt như Nhảy Dù, Thủy Quân Lục Chiến, Thiết Giáp, Biệt Động Quân, Quân Báo, An Ninh Quân Đội, Lực Lượng Đặc Biệt. Tổng Thống Diệm và Đại Tướng Tỵ cũng không quên gửi những Thiếu Sinh Quân tốt nghiệp Tú Tài vào học các Trường Cao Đẳng Sư Phạm và Y Khoa để có nhân tài phục vụ xã hội và huấn luyện lại cho những thế hệ tuổi trẻ kế tiếp. Đặc biệt nhiều Thiếu Sinh Quân cũng được cho vào học Trường Võ Bị Quốc Gia Đà Lạt để làm nền tảng cho cái xương sống chỉ huy chuyên nghiệp trong hệ thống quân đội Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Trung Sĩ Hồ Ngọc Cẩn được cho theo học Khóa 2 Sĩ Quan Hiện Dịch tại Trường Hạ Sĩ Quan QLVNCH, Đồng Đế, Nha Trang. Các tân Chuẩn Úy Đặc Biệt, trong đó có Chuẩn Úy Hồ Ngọc Cẩn tung cánh đại bàng bay đi khắp bốn phương và sau này đã trở thành những sĩ quan tài giỏi nhất của quân lực, lưu danh quân sử. Chuẩn Úy Hồ Ngọc Cẩn được thuyên chuyển về Biệt Động Quân Vùng 4 Chiến Thuật Miền Tây, sau một khóa học Rừng Núi Sình Lầy của binh chủng Mũ Nâu. Lúc đó các đại đội BĐQ biệt lập theo lệnh của TT Diệm, đã được cải tổ và sát nhập thành các tiểu đoàn. Khu 42 Chiến Thuật gồm lãnh thổ các tỉnh Phong Dinh, Chương Thiện, Ba Xuyên, Bạc Liêu và An Xuyên, có hai tiểu đoàn BĐQ, mà lại là hai tiểu đoàn lừng lẫy nhất của binh chủng. Đó là Tiểu Đoàn 42 Biệt Động Quân "Cọp Ba Đầu Rằn", và Tiểu Đoàn 44 Biệt Động Quân "Cọp Xám". Chuẩn Úy Hồ Ngọc Cẩn nhận sự vụ lệnh trình diện Tiểu Đoàn 42 BĐQ và làm Trung Đội Trưởng. Khả năng quân sự thiên bẩm, tài chỉ huy và sự chiến đấu hết sức gan dạ của Chuẩn Úy Cẩn, mà đã đem nhiều chiến thắng vang dội về cho TĐ42BĐQ, được thăng cấp đặc cách nhiều lần tại mặt trận, đã nhanh chóng xác nhận Trung Úy tân thăng Hồ Ngọc Cẩn có khả năng chỉ huy tiểu đoàn. Trung Úy Cẩn được bổ nhiệm làm Tiểu Đoàn Phó Tiểu Đoàn 42BĐQ, đặt dưới quyền chỉ huy của một chiến binh lừng lẫy và nhiều huyền thoại không kém gì Trung Úy Hồ Ngọc Cẩn. Thiếu Tá Lưu Trọng Kiệt, xuất thân từ Sư Đoàn 21 Bộ Binh, với tác phong chiến đấu dũng cảm làm quân giặc kiêng sợ và thuộc cấp kính phục. Cung cách đánh giặc như vũ bão của Trung Úy Cẩn còn được nhân lên thập bội, khi lời yêu cầu của ông lên cấp chỉ huy xin cho các chiến binh gốc Thiếu Sinh Quân được về chiến đấu chung với ông. Lời yêu cầu này được thỏa mãn một phần, nhưng cũng đủ để cho Trung Úy Cẩn có thêm được sức mạnh cần thiết. Có lần ông tâm sự với một người bạn lý do này: "Một là để dễ sai. Tất cả bọn cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân này đều ra trường sau tôi. Chúng là đàn em, dù tôi không phải là cấp trên của chúng, mà chúng nó lộn xộn, tôi vẫn hèo vào đít chúng nó được. Nay tôi muốn chúng nó về với tôi, để tôi có thể dạy dỗ chúng nó những gì mà quân trường không dạy. Hai là truyền thống của tôi khi ra trận là chết thì chết chứ không lùi. Vì vậy cần phải có một số người giống mình, thì đánh nhau mới đã. Bọn cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân đều như tôi". Một câu chuyện dũng cảm và cảm động khác kể về Trung Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, Trung Đoàn Trưởng Trung Đoàn 15 Bộ Binh tại mặt trận An Lộc năm 1972. Trong khi quân của Trung Đoàn 15 thuộc Sư Đoàn 9 Bộ Binh bị pháo địch nã hàng ngàn quả ghìm đầu xuống trong những hố cá nhân bên đường Quốc Lộ 13 gần thị xã An Lộc, thì binh sĩ trung đoàn ngạc nhiên lẫn cảm kích khi thấy vị Trung Đoàn Trưởng của họ dẫn vài người lính cũng quả cảm như vị chỉ huy điềm tĩnh đi thẳng lưng dưới cơn hỏa pháo cường kích như bão lửa của Sư Đoàn 7 Bắc Việt từ công sự này sang hố chiến đấu kia thăm hỏi chiến sĩ, an ủi các chiến thương và khích lệ tinh thần binh sĩ. Chiến binh Hồ Ngọc Cẩn coi thường cái chết, mà dường như cái chết cũng sợ hãi và tránh xa con người kiệt xuất ấy. Định mệnh sẽ dành cho người một cái chết cao cả nhất, ít nhất cũng chưa phải là trong mùa hè đỏ lửa của năm 1972. Dường như giữa Trung Tá Cẩn và cố Đại Tướng Đỗ Cao Trí có rất nhiều chất hào hùng quả cảm giống như nhau. Đại Tướng Đỗ Cao Trí thường nói với các phóng viên ngoại quốc đi trong cánh quân của người, khi họ tỏ lòng khâm phục người chiến binh Nhảy Dù ấy đã đứng giơ cao khẩu súng Browning thúc giục binh sĩ tiến lên, giữa những làn đạn đan chéo như vải trấu của địch quân: "Nếu đạn không trúng mình thì mình được tiếng anh hùng, mà nếu đạn có trúng thì mình cũng được tiếng anh hùng luôn"! Các loại pháo địch từ 122ly đến 130ly, chưa kể đến những loại cối 81ly và các loại súng đại bác không giật 75 ly và 90 ly dội hàng chục ngàn quả lên vị trí của quân ta. Quân Trung Đoàn 15 đánh lên An Lộc dọc theo QL13 từ Tân Khai tiến rất chậm vì đạn pháo giặc. Để tránh bị thiệt hại nặng, Trung Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn đã lệnh cho binh sĩ mỗi người đào một hố nhỏ như những cái "miệng ve" để ẩn trú. Nếu pháo dội trúng cái "miệng ve" nào, thì chỉ một chiến sĩ ở chỗ đó bị tử thương mà thôi. Trong một khoảng chiến tuyến mỗi chiều bề dài 300 thước, có hàng mấy trăm cái hố nhỏ, mấy ngàn quả pháo của cộng quân dội xuống, tính trung bình mỗi mét vuông lãnh vài trái. Nếu tính theo lý thuyết toán học thì mỗi chiến sĩ Trung Đoàn "ăn" từ hai trái lấy lên, và như vậy toàn bộ trung đoàn coi như chết hết. Nhưng thật kỳ diệu, chiến thuật "cò ỉa miệng ve" của quân ta lại cứu sống hàng ngàn sinh mạng chiến sĩ. Dứt cơn pháo địch, chiến sĩ ta nhú đầu lên điểm danh quân số, thì thấy rằng, nhờ ơn trời, rất ít chiến thương. Tuy nhiên khi quân Trung Đoàn 15 tiến quân trên QL13 và giao chiến với quân địch, thì con số thương vong lên rất cao. Có nhiều đại đội trên 100 người, khi tàn cuộc chiến trở về Quân Khu IV chỉ còn khoảng ba chục chiến sĩ. Ở phía Nam Tân Khai, Sư Đoàn 21 Bộ Binh cũng bị thiệt hại nặng vì pháo, nhiều sĩ quan cao cấp bị tử thương. Trung Đoàn Trưởng của một trung đoàn là Trung Tá Nguyễn Viết Cần và một vị Trung Tá Trung Đoàn Phó của một trung đoàn khác hy sinh vì pháo địch quá ác liệt. Trung Tá Nguyễn Viết Cần chính là bào đệ của cố Trung Tướng Nguyễn Viết Thanh. Ông xuất thân từ binh chủng Mũ Đỏ Nhảy Dù, con đường binh nghiệp đang có nhiều triển vọng đi lên thì ông bị liên can trong vụ thuộc cấp ngộ sát hai Quân Cảnh Mỹ tại Sài Gòn. Thiếu Tá Cần bị thuyên chuyển về SĐ 21 BB, ít lâu sau ông thăng Trung Tá và nắm trung đoàn. Cuối cùng thì dòng họ Nguyễn Viết đã cống hiến cho đất nước đến hai người con ưu tú. Theo lời kể lại của Đại Úy Tiến, một vị Tiểu Đoàn Phó của Trung Đoàn 15 Bộ Binh lên An Lộc tham chiến, thì Trung Tá Cẩn đã lệnh cho ông phải đứng lên điều động binh sĩ giữa lúc đạn pháo giặc dội như bão xuống các vị trí Trung Đoàn. Tất cả các vị chỉ huy cao cấp của Trung Đoàn đều phải nêu gương dũng cảm cho thuộc cấp và chiến sĩ, để cùng xông lên giải cứu An Lộc. Vì những chiến công ngoài chiến trường, tính đến năm 1970 thì Trung Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn là chiến sĩ được tưởng thưởng nhiều huy chương nhất của Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa, với 78 chiếc của gồm 1 Đệ Tứ Đẳng Bảo Quốc Huân Chương, 25 Anh Dũng Bội Tinh với Nhành Dương Liễu, 45 Anh Dũng Bội Tinh với các loại Ngôi Sao, 3 Chiến Thương Bội Tinh và 4 Huy Chương Hoa Kỳ. Sau khi trở về từ An Lộc, Trung Đoàn 15 Bộ Binh còn tăng viện cho các trung đoàn bạn và Sư Đoàn 7 Bộ Binh đánh những trận long trời ở miền biên giới Việt-Miên, các tỉnh bờ Bắc sông Tiền Giang. Những tổn thất và vết thương còn chưa hồi phục từ chiến trường Miền Đông, lại vỡ toác ra từng mảnh lớn khác. Nhưng có sá gì chuyện tử sinh, làm thân chiến sĩ thì người lính của chúng ta chỉ biết tận lực hiến dâng xương máu cho nền tự do của tổ quốc và cho niềm hạnh phúc của dân tộc. Một lần nữa, Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn được trao cho một chức vụ trọng yếu và hết sức khó khăn, khó có ai đảm đương nổi. Ông sẽ đi trấn nhậm tỉnh Chương Thiện, một tỉnh có địa hình phức tạp nhất vùng đồng lầy Miền Tây, với cái gai nhọn nhức nhối mật khu U Minh Thượng trong lãnh thổ, từ đó quân Bắc Việt và Việt Cộng phóng ra những cuộc đánh phá lớn, uy hiếp các quận xã hẻo lánh. Chọn Đại Tá Cẩn về trấn giữ tỉnh Chương Thiện, vị Tư Lệnh Quân Đoàn IV biết chắc Đại Tá Cẩn cùng với lực lượng Địa Phương Quân-Nghĩa Quân thiện chiến của ông sẽ ít nhất hóa giải được áp lực giặc, không cho chúng tiến xuống Cần Thơ. Giữ vững được Chương Thiện tức là bảo đảm an toàn cho lãnh thổ Quân Khu IV ở bờ Nam sông Hậu Giang. Trong thời gian Đại Tá Cẩn làm tỉnh trưởng Chương Thiện, nhiều huyền thoại khác về ông đã được kể lại. Đại Tá Cẩn chẳng những là một nhà quân sự xuất chúng, mà còn là một nhà cai trị và bình định tài ba. Một ngày trước khi ông nhận bàn giao tỉnh Chương Thiện, Đại Tá Cẩn đã ăn mặc thường phục, giả dạng thường dân đi thanh tra ngầm một vòng tỉnh lỵ Vị Thanh. Ông vào các sòng bài, những nơi nhận tiền đánh số đề và những ổ điếm quan sát. Ngày hôm sau, khi đã chính thức là vị Tỉnh Trưởng Chương Thiện, Đại Tá Cẩn cho gọi người Thiếu Tá Trưởng Ty Cảnh Sát tỉnh đến cật vấn nghiêm khắc về những tệ đoan xã hội trong tỉnh, rồi lập tức cách chức ông này. Thay vào đó là Trung Tá Đường, một vị sĩ quan mẫn cán và tài năng. Trung Tá Đường là cánh tay mặt vững chãi của Đại Tá trong lĩnh vực bình định, xã hội và truy bắt bọn Việt Cộng hoạt động dầy đặc trong tỉnh. Bọn cộng phỉ rất căm thù Trung Tá Đường, đến nỗi sau ngày 30/4/1975, chúng bắt được Trung Tá Đường, chỉ giam giữ ông một thời gian ngắn rồi đem ông ra xử bắn tại Vị Thanh. Cùng đền ơn tổ quốc với Trung Tá Đường còn có Đại Úy Bé, Chỉ Huy Trưởng Lực Lượng Thám Báo Tỉnh. Đại Úy Bé đã làm điêu đứng bọn giặc cộng, với những chiến sĩ Thám Báo nhảy sâu vào hậu cứ địch báo cáo tin tức, địch tình, cũng như tọa độ trú quân để Không Quân, Pháo Binh dội những cơn bão lửa lên đầu chúng. Trung Tá Đường và Đại Úy Bé bị giặc tàn nhẫn bắn chết tại chân cầu dẫn vào thành phố Vị Thanh. Có một ông Quận Trưởng nọ, muốn cho chi khu của mình được an toàn tối đa, chiều nào cũng xin Pháo Binh tiểu khu yểm trợ hỏa lực, nại lý do Việt Cộng pháo kích hay tấn công. Đại Tá Cẩn thỏa mãn tối đa và được báo cáo là quận bị thiệt hại một kho xăng và kho lương thực. Đại Tá tin thật, ông lệnh cho sĩ quan Trưởng Phòng 3 chuẩn bị xe Jeep đi xuống quận. Buổi chiều chạng vạng trên những con đường đất hoang vắng rợn người ở vùng quê Chương Thiện mà vị Tỉnh Trưởng trẻ của chúng ta dám đi xe Jeep cùng với một vài người lính, chỉ có những chiến binh dũng cảm như Đại Tá Cẩn mới làm được. Ông Quận Trưởng đang nằm trên võng rung đùi uống Martell hoảng kinh ngồi bật dậy mặt mũi tái xanh đứng nghiêm chào vị Tỉnh Trưởng đầy huyền thoại. Đại Tá Cẩn đi thẳng xuống Trung Tâm Hành Quân của Chi Khu xem bản đồ và ra lệnh cho ông Quận: "Tôi muốn những ấp loại C sau ba tháng được nâng lên loại B. Những ấp loại B sau ba tháng phải được nâng lên loại A". Ngài Quận Trưởng tạm ngưng uống rượu và làm việc trối chết. Đại Tá Cẩn không trừng trị tội xao nhãng nhiệm vụ của ông Quận, nhưng cung cách độ lượng và cương quyết của Đại Tá Cẩn giống như lưỡi gươm trừng phạt treo đung đưa trên đầu. Đúng ba tháng sau, nhận được báo cáo khả quan của vị Quận Trưởng, Đại Tá Cẩn lại xuống quận ngủ đêm, sau khi đã trân trọng gắn lon mới tưởng thưởng cho ông này. Nếu tất cả 44 tỉnh của Việt Nam Cộng Hòa đều có những vị Tỉnh Trưởng can đảm, mẫn cán và tài ba như Đại Tá Cẩn, làm sao giang sơn hoa gấm của tổ tiên của chúng ta có thể lọt vào tay bọn cộng nô tay sai Nga Tàu dễ dàng như vậy được. Chúng ta cũng được biết rằng, Đại Tá Cẩn là vị Tỉnh Trưởng trẻ tuổi nhất của Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Ông nhận chức vụ này hồi năm 1973, lúc ông mới có 35 tuổi. Những đóng góp và hy sinh của Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn lớn lao và nhiều không sao có thể kể được hết, suốt một đời người đã tận tụy với nước non, danh tiếng lừng lẫy và nắm giữ những chức vụ khó khăn, mà người vẫn khiêm nhường hết mực, giữ cuộc sống trong sáng và thanh liêm, tâm tư lúc nào cũng hướng về những thế hệ đàn em. Một người bạn cũ trong một dịp gặp lại Đại Tá Cẩn ở Cần Thơ vào mùa hè 1974, đã hỏi ông: "Anh từng là Trung Đoàn Trưởng, hiện làm Tỉnh Trưởng, anh có nghĩ rằng sau này sẽ làm Tư Lệnh sư đoàn không"? Con người danh tiếng lừng lẫy trên các chiến trường đã khiêm tốn trả lời: "Tôi lặn lội suốt mười bốn năm qua gối chưa mỏi, nhưng kiến thức có hạn. Được chỉ huy trung đoàn là cao rồi, mình phải biết liêm sỉ chớ, coi sư đoàn sao được. Làm Tỉnh Trưởng bất quá một hai năm nữa rồi tôi phải ra đi, cho đàn em họ có chỗ tiến thân. Bấy giờ tôi xin về coi Trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, hoặc coi các lớp huấn luyện Đại Đội Trưởng, Tiểu Đoàn Trưởng, đem những kinh nghiệm thu nhặt được dạy đàn em. Tôi sẽ thuật trước sau hơn ba trăm trận đánh mà tôi đã trải qua". Ôi cao cả biết ngần nào tấm chân tình với nước non và với thế hệ chiến binh đàn em của người. Con người chân chính để lại cho hậu thế những lời khí khái. Cuối cùng thì cái ngày tang thương 30/4/1975 của đất nước cũng đến. Dân tộc Việt Nam được chứng kiến những cái chết bi tráng hào hùng của những vị thần tướng nước Nam, của những sĩ quan các cấp còn chưa được biết và nhắc nhở tới. Và của những người chiến sĩ vô danh, một đời tận tụy vì nước non, những đôi vai nhỏ bé gánh vác cả một sức nặng kinh khiếp của chiến tranh. Sinh mệnh của Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn cũng bị cuốn theo cơn lốc ai oán của vận mệnh đất nước. Chu vi phòng thủ của Tiểu Khu Chương Thiện co cụm dần, quân giặc hung hăng đưa quân tràn vào vây chặt lấy bốn phía. Những chiến sĩ Địa Phương Quân-Nghĩa Quân của Chương Thiện nghiến răng ghì chặt tay súng, quyết một lòng liều sinh tử với vị chủ tướng anh hùng của mình. Đại Tá Cẩn nhớ lại lời đanh thép của ông: "Chết thì chết chứ không lùi". Ông tự biết những khoảnh khắc của cuộc đời mình cũng co ngắn lại dần theo với chu vi chiến tuyến. Ông nhớ lại những ngày sình lầy với Biệt Động Quân, những ngày lên An Lộc với chiến sĩ Sư Đoàn 9 Bộ Binh đi trong cơn bão lửa ngửa nghiêng, những lúc cùng chiến sĩ Sư Đoàn 21 Bộ Binh đi lùng giặc trong những vùng rừng U Minh hoang dã, và những chuỗi ngày chung vai chiến đấu với chiến sĩ Địa Phương Quân-Nghĩa Quân thân thiết và dũng mãnh của ông trên những cánh đồng Chương Thiện hoang dã. Hơn ba trăm trận chiến đấu, nhưng chưa lần nào ông và chiến sĩ của ông phải đương đầu với một cuộc chiến cuối cùng khó khăn đến như thế này. Khoảng hơn 9 giờ tối ngày 30/4/1975, gần nửa ngày sau khi Tướng Dương Văn Minh đọc lệnh cho Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa buông súng đầu hàng, Đại Tá Cẩn cố liên lạc về Bộ Tư Lệnh Quân Đoàn IV xin lệnh của Thiếu Tướng Nguyễn Khoa Nam. Người trả lời ông lại là phu nhân Thiếu Tướng Lê Văn Hưng. Đại Tá Cẩn ngơ ngác không biết chuyện hệ trọng nào mà đã đưa Bà Hưng lên văn phòng Bộ Tư Lệnh. Bà Hưng áp sát ống nghe vào tai, bà nghe có nhiều tiếng súng lớn nhỏ nổ ầm ầm từ phía Đại Tá Cẩn. Như vậy là Tiểu Khu Chương Thiện vẫn còn đang chiến đấu ác liệt và không tuân lệnh hàng của tướng Minh. Trước đó, khoảng 8 giờ 45 phút tối 30/4/1975 Thiếu Tướng Lê Văn Hưng đã nổ súng tử tiết, Thiếu Tướng Nam đang đi thăm chiến sĩ và thương bệnh binh lần cuối cùng trong Quân Y Viện Phan Thanh Giản Cần Thơ, rồi người tự sát ngay trong đêm. Bà Thiếu Tướng Hưng biết Đại Tá Cẩn kiên quyết chiến đấu đến cùng, thà chết không hàng, vì đó là tính cách thiên bẩm của người chiến sĩ Hồ Ngọc Cẩn. Nếu có chết thì Đại Tá Cẩn phải chết hào hùng, trong danh dự của một người chiến sĩ Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa công chính. Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn cùng các sĩ quan trong Ban Chỉ Huy Tiểu Khu và các chiến sĩ Tiểu Khu Chương Thiện đã đánh một trận tuyệt vọng nhưng lừng lẫy nhất trong chiến sử Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Đánh tới viên đạn và giọt máu cuối cùng và đành sa cơ giữa vòng vây của bầy lang sói. Cuộc chiến đấu kéo dài đến 11 giờ trưa ngày 1/ 5/1975, quân ta không còn gì để bắn nữa, Đại Tá Cẩn lệnh cho thuộc cấp buông súng. Khi những người lính Cộng chỉa súng vào hầm chỉ huy Tiểu Khu Chương Thiện, Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, vị Trung Úy tùy viên và các sĩ quan tham mưu, hạ sĩ quan và binh sĩ tùng sự đều có mặt. Một viên chỉ huy Việt Cộng tên Năm Thanh hùng hổ chỉa khẩu K 54 vào đầu Đại Tá Cẩn dữ dằn gằn giọng: "Anh Cẩn, tội anh đáng chết vì những gì anh đã gây ra cho chúng tôi". Đại Tá Cẩn cười nhạt không trả lời. Nhưng bọn cộng phỉ không giết ông ngay, chúng đã có kế hoạch làm nhục người anh hùng sa cơ nhưng cứng cỏi của chúng ta. Các sĩ quan tham mưu được cho về nhà, nhưng Đại Tá Cẩn thì không, địch áp giải ông sang giam trong Ty Cảnh Sát Chương Thiện. Vài ngày sau, các sĩ quan Tiểu Khu Chương Thiện cũng bị gọi vào giam chung với Đại Tá Cẩn. Để làm nhục và hành hạ tinh thần người dũng tướng nước Nam, giặc cho phá hủy nhà cầu trong Ty Cảnh Sát và thay vào bằng một cái thùng nhựa. Mỗi buổi sáng, ngày nào chúng cũng bắt Đại Tá Cẩn cùng một người nữa khiêng thùng phân đi đổ. Người ưu tiên được làm nhục thứ hai là vị Phó Tỉnh Trưởng. Dù cho các sĩ quan của ta có đề nghị hãy để cho mọi người làm công tác công bằng, nhưng bọn Cộng vẫn nhất quyết đày đọa Đại Tá Cẩn. Người anh hùng của chúng ta chỉ mỉm cười, ung dung làm công việc của mình. Chúa Jesus đã chẳng từng nói khi lên thập giá: "Lạy Cha ở trên trời, họ không biết việc họ đang làm" đó sao. Bà Đại Tá Cẩn lo sợ bị cộng quân trả thù nên bà đã đem cậu con trai duy nhất của ông bà là Hồ Huỳnh Nguyên, lúc ấy được 5 tuổi, về Cần Thơ ẩn náu và thay đổi lý lịch nhiều lần. Nhớ thương chồng, nhiều lúc bà đã liều lĩnh choàng khăn che mặt xuống Vị Thanh tìm đến Ty Cảnh Sát đứng bên này bờ con rạch nghẹn ngào nhìn vào sang dãy tường rào kín bưng. Một vài sĩ quan ra xách nước trông thấy bà đã tìm cách dẫn Đại Tá Cẩn ra. Những khoảnh khắc cuối cùng đẫm đầy nước mắt ấy sẽ theo ký ức của bà Đại Tá Cẩn đến suốt khoảng đời còn lại của bà. Đầu năm 1979 bà Cẩn cùng bé Nguyên liều chết vượt biển. Thượng Đế đã dang tay từ ái bảo vệ giọt máu duy nhất của Đại Tá Cẩn. Bà Cẩn và bé Nguyên đến được đảo Bidong thuộc Mã Lai. Mười tháng sau hai mẹ con bà Đại Tá Cẩn được phái đoàn phỏng vấn Mỹ cho định cư tại Hoa Kỳ theo dạng ưu tiên có chồng và cha bị cộng sản bắn chết tại Việt Nam. Bọn phỉ không giết Đại Tá Cẩn ngay, chúng muốn làm nhục người và làm nhục quân dân Miền Tây. Bọn chúng sẽ thiết trí một pháp trường và dành cho người một cái chết thảm khốc hơn. Đại Tá Cẩn không thể tử tiết, vì là con chiên ngoan đạo, luật Công Giáo không cho phép con cái Chúa được tự tử. Đại Tá Cẩn thường cầu nguyện mỗi buổi sáng và thổ lộ tâm tư với thuộc cấp trước khi ra trận: "Sống chết nằm trong tay Chúa". Vì vậy viên đạn cuối cùng người bắn vào kẻ thù, để cho chúng biết rằng nước Nam không thiếu anh hùng. Quân dân Miền Tây đã tiếc thương cái chết của hai vị thần tướng Nguyễn Khoa Nam và Lê Văn Hưng trong ngày u ám đen tối nhất của lịch sử Việt Nam. Giờ đây, cũng trong bầu không khí ảm đạm đau buồn của ngày 14/ 8/1975, người dân thủ phủ Cần Thơ sẽ được chứng kiến giây phút lìa đời cao cả của người anh hùng Hồ Ngọc Cẩn. Bọn sói lang đã áp giải người từ Chương Thiện về Cần Thơ và cho bọn ngưu đầu đi phóng thanh loan báo địa điểm, giờ phút hành hình người anh hùng cuối cùng của Quân Lực Việt Cộng Hòa. Bọn tiểu nhân cuồng sát thay vì nghiêng mình kính phục khí phách của người đối địch, thì chúng lại lấy lòng dạ của loài khỉ và loài quỷ để đòi máu của người phải chảy. Chúng quyết tâm giết Đại Tá Cẩn để đánh đòn tâm lý phủ đầu lên những người yêu nước nào còn dám tổ chức kháng cự lại bọn chúng. Thật đau đớn, trong khoảnh khắc cuối cùng này, bà Đại Tá Cẩn và người con trai còn phải ẩn trốn một nơi kín đáo theo lời căn dặn của Đại Tá Cẩn trước khi ông bị bắt, vì sợ bọn chúng bắt bớ tra tấn, nên bà không thể có mặt để chứng kiến giây phút Đại Tá Cẩn đi vào lịch sử. Đại Tá Cẩn bị giải lên chỗ hành hình, mấy tên khăn rằn hung hăng ghìm súng bao quanh người chiến sĩ. Trước khi bắn người, tên chỉ huy cho phép người được nói. Đại Tá Cẩn trong chiếc áo tù vẫn hiên ngang để lại cho lịch sử lời khẳng khái: "Tôi chỉ có một mình, không mang vũ khí, tôi không đầu hàng, các ông cứ bắn tôi đi. Nhưng trước khi bắn tôi xin được mặc quân phục và chào lá quốc kỳ của tôi lần cuối". Dĩ nhiên lời yêu cầu không được thỏa mãn. Đại Tá Cẩn còn muốn nói thêm những lời trối trăn hào hùng nữa, nhưng người đã bị mấy tên khăn rằn nón cối xông lên đè người xuống và bịt miệng lại. Tên chỉ huy ra lệnh hành quyết người anh hùng. Điều duy nhất mà bọn chúng thỏa mãn cho người là không bịt mắt, để người nhìn thẳng vào những họng súng thù, nhìn lần cuối quốc dân đồng bào. Rồi người ngạo nghễ ra đi. Cùng ngẩng cao đầu đi vào chiến sử Việt Nam với Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn tại sân vận động Cần Thơ là người anh hùng Thiếu Tá Trịnh Tấn Tiếp, Quận Trưởng quận Kiến Thiện, bạn đồng khóa với Đại Tá Cẩn. Thiếu Tá Tiếp đã cùng các chiến sĩ Địa Phương Quân Chi Khu chiến đấu dũng cảm đến sáng ngày 1/5/1975 thì ông bị sa vào tay giặc. Thiếu Tá Tiếp là một sĩ quan xuất sắc, trí dũng song toàn. Ông đã từng gây rất nhiều tổn thất nặng nề cho quân địch, nhờ tổ chức thám sát chính xác, có lần ông đã gọi B-52 dội trúng một trung đoàn cộng quân và hầu như xóa sổ trung đoàn này. Cộng quân ghi nhớ mối thù này, người anh hùng của chúng ta sa vào chúng, thì chúng sẽ giết chết ông không thương tiếc. Hai người anh hùng cuối cùng của miền Tây đã vĩnh viễn ra đi. Đất trời những ngày đầu mùa mưa bỗng tối sầm lại. Một nhân chứng đứng ở hàng đầu dân chúng kể lại rằng, trong những giây phút cuối cùng, Đại Tá Cẩn đã dõng dạc hét lớn: "Việt Nam Cộng Hòa Muôn Năm! Đả Đảo Cộng Sản"! Năm sáu tên bộ đội nhào vào tấn công như lũ lang sói, chúng la hét man rợ và đánh đấm người anh hùng sa cơ tàn nhẫn. Người phụ nữ nhân chứng nước mắt ràn rụa, bà nhắm nghiền mắt lại không dám nhìn. Bà nghe trong cõi âm thanh rừng rú có nhiều tiếng súng nổ chát chúa. Khi bà mở mắt ra thì thấy nhiều tên Việt Cộng quây quanh thi thể của Đại Tá Cẩn và khiêng đem đi. Đúng ra, phải vinh danh Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn là Chuẩn Tướng Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, vì người đã anh dũng chiến đấu trên chiến trường và vị quốc vong thân. Nhưng Tổng Thống Tổng Tư Lệnh, Tổng Tham Mưu Trưởng đã bỏ chạy từ lâu, Tư Lệnh Quân Khu IV đã tử tiết, lấy ai đủ tư cách trao gắn lon và truy thăng Chuẩn Tướng cho người. Anh linh của Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn đã thăng thiên. Tên tuổi của ông đã đi vào lịch sử đến ngàn đời sau. Xin người hãy thương xót cho dân tộc và đất nước Việt Nam còn đang chìm đắm trong tối tăm và gông xiềng cộng sản, xin hãy ban cho những người còn đang sống khắc khoải sức mạnh và quyết tâm. Để cùng nhau đứng dậy lật đổ chúng, hất bọn chúng, tất cả bọn tự nhận là con cháu loài vượn đó vào vực thẳm lạnh lẽo nhất của địa ngục.
Phạm Phong Dinh |
Wednesday, March 31, 2010
Tên tuổi của 
Cộng Sản Việt Nam hèn hạ dùng nhục hình để xử tử hình Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn ngày 14/8/1975.
Người dân Cần Thơ lén đưa thi thể có Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn về... và phủ cho một lá cờ Việt Nam Cộng Hòa… mà cố Đại Tá đã suốt đời phục vụ cho lý tưởng của Việt Nam Cộng Hoà.
Truyện Người Lính Nhỏ Mà Chính Khí Lớn
Cái Bóng Của HOÀI VĂN VƯƠNG TRẦN QUỐC TOẢN
hay
Truyện Người Lính Nhỏ Mà Chính Khí Lớn
Vũ Tiến Quang sinh ngày 10 tháng 9 năm 1956 tại Kiên Hưng, tỉnh Chương Thiện. Thân phụ là hạ sĩ địa phương quân Vũ Tiến Đức. Ngày 20 tháng 3 năm 1961, trong một cuộc hành quân an ninh của quận, Hạ Sĩ Đức bị trúng đạn tử thương khi tuổi mới 25. Ông để lại bà vợ trẻ với hai con. Con trai lớn, Vũ Tiến Quang 5 tuổi. Con gái tên Vũ thị Quỳnh Chi mới tròn một năm. Vì có học, lại là quả phụ tử sĩ, bà Đức được thu dụng làm việc tại Chương Thiện, với nhiệm vụ khiêm tốn là thư ký tòa hành chánh. Nhờ đồng lương thư ký, thêm vào tiền tử tuất cô nhi, quả phụ, nên đời sống của bà với hai con không đến nỗi thiếu thốn.
Quang học tại trường tiểu học trong tỉnh. Tuy rất thông minh, nhưng Quang chỉ thích đá banh,thể thao hơn là học. Thành ra Quang là một học sinh trung bình trong lớp. Cuối năm 1967,Quang đỗ tiểu học. Nhân đọc báo Chiến Sĩ Cộng Hoà có đăng bài: “Ngôi sao sa trường:Thượng-sĩ-sữa Trần Minh, Thiên Thần U Minh Hạ”, bài báo thuật lại: Minh xuất thân từ trường Thiếu Sinh Quân Việt Nam. Sau khi ra trường, Minh về phục vụ tại tiểu đoàn Ngạc Thần (tức tiểu đoàn 2 trung đoàn 31, sư đoàn 21 Bộ Binh) mà tiểu đoàn đang đồn trú tại Chương Thiện.
Quang nảy ra ý đi tìm người hùng bằng xương bằng thịt. Chú bé lóc cóc 12 tuổi, được Trần Minh ôm hôn, dẫn đi ăn phở, bánh cuốn, rồi thuật cho nghe về cuộc sống vui vẻ tại trường Thiếu Sinh Quân. Quang suýt xoa, ước mơ được vào học trường này. Qua cuộc giao tiếp ban đầu, Minh là một mẫu người anh hùng, trong ước mơ của Quang. Quang nghĩ: “Mình phải như anh Minh”.
Chiều hôm đó Quang thuật cho mẹ nghe cuộc gặp gỡ Trần Minh, rồi xin mẹ nộp đơn cho mình nhập học trường Thiếu Sinh Quân. Bà mẹ Quang không mấy vui vẻ, vì Quang là con một, mà nhập học Thiếu Sinh Quân, rồi sau này trở thành anh hùng như Trần Minh thì…nguy lắm. Bà không đồng ý. Hôm sau bà gặp riêng Trần Minh, khóc thảm thiết xin Minh nói dối Quang rằng, muốn nhập học trường Thiếu Sinh Quân thì cha phải thuộc chủ lực quân, còn cha Quang là địa phương quân thì không được. Minh từ chối:
- Em không muốn nói dối cháu. Cháu là Quốc Gia Nghĩa Tử thì ưu tiên nhập học. Em nghĩ chị nên cho cháu vào trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, thì tương lai của cháu sẽ tốt đẹp hơn ở với gia đình, trong khuôn khổ nhỏ hẹp.
Chiều hôm ấy Quang tìm đến Minh để nghe nói về đời sống trong trường Thiếu Sinh Quân. Đã không giúp bà Đức thì chớ, Minh còn đi cùng Quang tới nhà bà, hướng dẫn bà thủ tục xin cho Quang nhập trường. Thế rồi bà Đức đành phải chiều con. Bà đến phòng 3, tiểu khu Chương Thiện làm thủ tục cho con. Bà gặp may. Trong phòng 3 Tiểu Khu, có Trung Sĩ Nhất Cao Năng Hải, cũng là cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân. Hải lo làm tất cả mọi thủ tục giúp bà. Sợ bà đổi ý, thì mình sẽ mất thằng em dễ thương. Hải lên gặp Thiếu-tá Lê Minh Đảo, Tiểu Khu trưởng trình bầy trường hợp của Quang. Thiếu Tá Đảo soạn một văn thư, đính kèm đơn của bà Đức, xin bộ Tổng Tham Mưu dành ưu tiên cho Quang.
Tháng 8 năm 1968, Quang được giấy gọi nhập học trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, mà không phải thi. Bà Đức thân dẫn con đi Vũng Tàu trình diện. Ngày 2 tháng 9 năm 1969, Quang trở thành một Thiếu Sinh Quân Việt Nam.
Quả thực trường Thiếu Sinh Quân là thiên đường của Quang. Quang có nhiều bạn cùng lứa
tuổi, dư thừa chân khí, chạy nhảy vui đùa suốt ngày. Quang thích nhất những giờ huấn luyện tinh thần, những giờ học quân sự. Còn học văn hóa thì Quang lười, học sao đủ trả nợ thầy, không bị phạt là tốt rồi. Quang thích đá banh, và học Anh văn. Trong lớp, môn Anh văn, Quang luôn đứng đầu. Chỉ mới học hết đệ lục, mà Quang đã có thể đọc sách báo bằng tiếng Anh, nói truyện lưu loát với cố vấn Mỹ.
Giáo-sư Việt văn của Quang là thầy Phạm Văn Viết, người mà Quang mượn bóng dáng để thay thế người cha. Có lần thầy Viết giảng đến câu :
“Nhân sinh tự cổ thùy vô tử,
Lưu thủ đan tâm chiếu hãn thanh”
(Người ta sinh ra, ai mà không chết.
Cần phải lưu chút lòng son vào thanh sử).
Quang thích hai câu này lắm, luôn miệng ngâm nga, rồi lại viết vào cuốn sổ tay.
Trong giờ học sử, cũng như giờ huấn luyện tinh thần, Quang được giảng chi tiết về các anh hùng : Hoài Văn Vương Trần Quốc Toản, thánh tổ của Thiếu Sinh Quân, giết tươi Toa Đô trong trận Hàm Tử. Quang cực kỳ sùng kính Bảo Nghĩa Vương Trần Bình Trọng, từ chối công danh, chịu chết cho toàn chính khí. Quang cũng khâm phục Nguyễn Biểu, khi đối diện với quân thù, không sợ hãi, lại còn tỏ ra khinh thường chúng. Ba nhân vật này ảnh hưởng vào Quang rất sâu, rất đậm.
Suốt các niên học từ 1969-1974, mỗi kỳ hè, được phép 2 tháng rưỡi về thăm nhà, cậu bé Thiếu Sinh Quân Vũ Tiến Quang tìm đến các đàn anh trấn đóng tại Chương Thiện để trình diện. Quang được các cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân dẫn đi chơi, cho ăn quà, kể truyện chiến trường cho nghe. Một số ông uống thuốc liều, cho Quang theo ra trận. Quang chiến đấu như một con sư tử. Không ngờ mấy ông anh cưng cậu em út quá, mà gây ra một truyện động trời, đến nỗi bộ Tổng Tham Mưu Việt Nam, bộ Tư-lệnh MACV cũng phải rởn da gà! Sau trở thành huyền thoại. Câu chuyện như thế này:
Hè 1972, mà quân sử Việt Nam gọi là Mùa Hè Đỏ Lửa, giữa lúc chiến trường toàn quốc sôi động. Bấy giờ Quang đã đỗ chứng chỉ 1 Bộ Binh. Được phép về thăm nhà, được các đàn anh cho ăn, và giảng những kinh nghiệm chiến trường, kinh nghiệm đời. Quang xin các anh cho theo ra trận. Mấy ông cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân, trăm ông như một, ông nào gan cũng to, mật cũng lớn, lại coi trời bằng vung. Yêu cậu em ngoan ngoãn, các ông chiều…cho Quang ra trận. Cuộc hành quân nào mấy ông cũng dẫn Quang theo.
Trong môt cuộc hành quân cấp sư đoàn, đánh vào vùng Hộ Phòng, thuộc Cà Mau. Đơn vị mà
Quang theo là trung đội trinh sát của trung đoàn 31. Trung đội trưởng là một thiếu úy cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân. Hôm ấy, thông dịch viên cho cố vấn bị bệnh, Quang lại giỏi tiếng Anh, nên thiếu úy trung đội trưởng biệt phái Quang làm thông dịch viên cho cố vấn là thiếu úy Hummer. Trực thăng vừa đổ quân xuống thì hiệu thính viên của Hummer trúng đạn chết ngay. Lập tức Quang thay thế anh ta. Nghĩa là mọi liên lạc vô tuyến, Hummer ra lệnh cho Quang, rồi Quang nói lại trong máy.
Trung đội tiến vào trong làng thì lọt trận điạ phục kích của trung đoàn chủ lực miền, tên trung đoàn U Minh. Trung đội bị một tiểu đoàn địch bao vây. Vừa giao tranh được mười phút thì Hummer bị thương. Là người can đảm, Hummer bảo Quang đừng báo cáo về Trung-tâm hành quân. Trận chiến kéo dài sang giờ thứ hai thì Hummer lại bị trúng đạn nữa, anh tử trận, thành ra không có ai liên lạc chỉ huy trực thăng võ trang yểm trợ. Kệ, Quang thay Hummer chỉ huy trực thăng võ trang. Vì được học địa hình, đọc bản đồ rất giỏi, Quang cứ tiếp tục ra lệnh cho trực thăng võ trang nã vào phòng tuyến địch, coi như Hummer còn sống. Bấy giờ quân hai bên gần như lẫn vào nhau, chỉ còn khoảng cách 20-30 thước.
Thông thường, tại các quân trường Hoa-kỳ cũng như Việt Nam, dạy rằng khi gọi pháo binh, không quân yểm trợ, thì chỉ xin bắn vào trận địa địch với khoảng cách quân mình 70 đến 100 thước. Nhưng thời điểm 1965-1975, các cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân trong khu 42 chiến thuật khi họp nhau để ăn uống, siết chặt tình thân hữu, đã đưa ra phương pháp táo bạo là xin bắn vào phòng tuyến địch, dù cách mình 20 thước. Quang đã được học phương pháp đó. Quang chỉ huy trực thăng võ trang nã vào trận địch, nhiều rocket (hoả tiễn nhỏ), đạn 155 ly nổ sát quân mình, làm những binh sĩ non gan kinh hoảng. Nhờ vậy, mà trận địch bị tê liệt.
Sau khi được giải vây, mọi người khám phá ra Quang lĩnh tới bẩy viên đạn mà không chết: trên mũ sắt có bốn vết đạn bắn hõm vào; hai viên khác trúng ngực, may nhờ có áo giáp, bằng không thì Quang đã ô-hô ai-tai rồi. Viên thứ bẩy trúng…chim. Viên đạn chỉ xớt qua, bằng không thì Quang thành thái giám.
Trung-tá J.F. Corter, cố vấn trưởng trung đoàn được trung đội trưởng trinh sát báo cáo Hummer tử trận lúc 11 giờ 15. Ông ngạc nhiên hỏi:
- Hummer chết lúc 11.15 giờ, mà tại sao tôi vẫn thấy y chỉ huy trực thăng, báo cáo cho đến lúc 17 giờ?
Vì được học kỹ về tinh thần trách nhiệm, Quang nói rằng mình là người lạm quyền, giả lệnh Hummer, thay Hummer chỉ huy. Quang xin lỗi Corter. Trung-tá J.F. Corter tưởng Quang là lính người lớn, đề nghị gắn huy chương Hoa Kỳ cho Quang. Bấy giờ mới lòi đuôi chuột ra rằng các ông cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân đã uống thuốc liều, cho thằng em sữa ra trận.
Đúng ra theo quân luật, mấy ông anh bị phạt nặng, Quang bị đưa ra tòa vì “Không có tư cách mà lại chỉ huy”. Nhưng các vị sĩ quan trong sư đoàn 21, trung đoàn 31 cũng như cố vấn đều là những người của chiến trường, tính tình phóng khoáng, nên câu truyện bỏ qua. Quang không được gắn huy chương, mà mấy ông anh cũng không bị phạt. Hết hè, Quang trở về trường mang theo kỷ niệm chiến đấu cực đẹp trong đời cậu bé, mà cũng là kỷ niệm đẹp vô cùng của Thiếu Sinh Quân Việt Nam. Câu truyện này trở thành huyền thoại. Huyền thoại này lan truyền mau lẹ khắp năm tỉnh của khu 42 chiến thuật : Cần Thơ, Sóc Trăng, Bạc Liêu, Cà Mau, Chương Thiện. Quang trở thành người hùng lý tưởng của những thiếu nữ tuổi 15-17 !
Năm 1974, sau khi đỗ chứng chỉ 2 Bộ Binh, Quang ra trường, mang cấp bậc trung sĩ. Quang nộp đơn xin về sư đoàn 21 Bộ Binh. Quang được toại nguyện. Sư đoàn phân phối Quang về tiểu đoàn Ngạc Thần tức tiểu đoàn 2 trung đoàn 31, tiểu đoàn của Trần Minh sáu năm trước. Thế là giấc mơ 6 năm trước của Quang đã thành sự thực.
Trung đoàn 31 Bộ Binh đóng tại Chương Thiện. Bấy giờ tỉnh trưởng kiêm tiểu khu trưởng
Chương Thiện là Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, tham mưu trưởng tiểu khu là Thiếu Tá Nguyễn Văn Thời. Cả hai đều là cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân. Đại-tá Cẩn là cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân cao niên nhất vùng Chương Thiện bấy giờ (36 tuổi). Các cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân trong tiểu đoàn 2-31 dẫn Quang đến trình diện anh hai Cẩn. Sau khi anh em gặp nhau, Cẩn đuổi tất các tùy tùng ra ngoài, để anh em tự do xả xú báp.
Cẩn bẹo tai Quang một cái, Quang đau quá nhăn mặt. Cẩn hỏi:
- Ê ! Quang, nghe nói mày lĩnh bẩy viên đạn mà không chết, thì mày thuộc loại mình đồng da sắt. Thế sao tao bẹo tai mày, mà mày cũng đau à?
- Dạ, đạn Việt-cộng thì không đau. Nhưng vuốt anh cấu thì đau.
- Móng tay tao, đâu phải vuốt?
- Dạ, người ta nói anh là cọp U Minh Thượng…Thì vuốt của anh phải sắc lắm.
- Hồi đó suýt chết, thế bây giờ ra trận mày có sợ không?
- Nếu khi ra trận anh sợ thì em mới sợ. Cái lò Thiếu Sinh Quân có bao giờ nặn ra một thằng nhát gan đâu ?
- Thằng này được. Thế mày đã trình diện anh Thời chưa?
- Dạ anh Thời-thẹo không có nhà.
Thiếu Tá Nguyễn Văn Thời, tham mưu trưởng Tiểu-khu, uy quyền biết mấy, thế mà một trung sĩ 18 tuổi dám gọi cái tên húy thời thơ ấu ra, thì quả là một sự phạm thượng ghê gớm. Nhưng cả Thời lẫn Quang cùng là cựu Thiếu Sinh Quân thì lại là một sự thân mật. Sau đó anh em kéo nhau đi ăn trưa. Lớn, bé cười nói ồn ào, như không biết tới những người xung quanh.
Bấy giờ tin Trần Minh đã đền nợ nước tại giới tuyến miền Trung. Sự ra đi của người đàn anh, của người hùng lý tưởng làm Quang buồn không ít. Nhưng huyền thoại về Trần Minh lưu truyền, càng làm chính khí trong người Quang bừng bừng bốc lên.
Tại sư đoàn 21 Bộ Binh, tất cả các hạ sĩ quan cũng như các Thiếu Sinh Quân mới ra trường, thường chỉ được theo hành quân như một khinh binh. Đợi một vài tháng đã quen với chiến trường, rồi mới được chỉ định làm tiểu đội trưởng. Nhưng vừa trình diện, Quang được cử làm trung đội phó ngay, dù hầu hết các tiểu đội trưởng đều ở cấp trung sĩ, trung sĩ nhất, mà những người này đều vui lòng. Họ tuân lệnh Quang răm rắp!
Sáu tháng sau, đầu năm 1975 nhờ chiến công, Quang được thăng trung sĩ nhất, nhưng chưa đủ một năm thâm niên, nên chưa được gửi đi học sĩ quan. Quang trở thành nổi tiếng trong trận đánh ngày 1-2-1975, tại Thới Lai, Cờ Đỏ. Trong ngày hôm ấy, đơn vị của Quang chạm phải tiểu đoàn Tây Đô. Đây là một tiểu đoàn được thành lập từ năm 1945, do các sĩ quan Nhật Bản không muốn về nước, trốn lại Việt Nam…huấn luyện. Quang đã được Đại Ttá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn giảng về kinh nghiệm chiến trường:
“Tây Đô là tiểu đoàn cơ động của tỉnh Cần Thơ. Tiểu đoàn có truyền thống lâu đời, rất thiện chiến. Khi tác chiến cấp đại đội, tiểu đoàn chúng không hơn các đơn vị khác làm bao. Nhưng tác chiến cấp trung đội, chúng rất giỏi. Chiến thuật thông thường, chúng dàn ba tiểu đội ra, chỉ tiểu đội ở giữa là nổ súng. Nếu thắng thế, thì chúng bắn xối xả để uy hiếp tinh thần ta, rồi hai tiểu đội hai bên xung phong. Nếu yếu thế, thì chúng lui. Ta không biết, đuổi theo, thì sẽ dẫm phải mìn, rồi bị hai tiểu đội hai bên đánh ép. Vì vậy khi đối trận với chúng, phải im lặng không bắn trả, để chúng tưởng ta tê liệt. Khi chúng bắt đầu xung phong, thì dùng vũ khí cộng đồng nã vào giữa, cũng như hai bên. Thấy chúng chạy, thì tấn công hai bên, chứ đừng đuổi theo. Còn như chúng tiếp tục xung phong ta phải đợi chúng tới gần rồi mớí phản công”.
Bây giờ Quang có dịp áp dụng. Sau khi trực thăng vận đổ quân xuống. Cả đại đội của Quang bị địch pháo chụp lên đầu, đại liên bắn xối xả. Không một ai ngóc đầu dậy được. Nhờ pháo binh, trực thăng can thiệp, sau 15 phút đại đội đã tấn công vào trong làng. Vừa tới bìa làng, thiếu úy trung đội trưởng của Quang bị trúng đạn lật ngược. Quang thay thế chỉ huy trung đội. Trung đội dàn ra thành một tuyến dài đến gần trăm mét. Đến đây, thì phi pháo không can thiệp được nữa, vì quân hai bên chỉ cách nhau có 100 mét, gần như lẫn vào nhau. Nhớ lại lời giảng của Cẩn, Quang ra lệnh im lặng, chỉ nổ súng khi thấy địch. Ngược lại ngay trước mặt Quang, khoảng 200 thước là một cái hầm lớn, ngay trước hầm hai khẩu đại liên không ngừng nhả đạn. Quang ghi
nhận vị trí hai khẩu đại liên với hai khẩu B40 ra lệnh:
” Lát nữa khi chúng xung phong thì dùng M79 diệt hai khẩu đại liên, B40, rồi hãy bắn trả “. Sau gần 20 phút, thình lình địch xả súng bắn xối xả như mưa, như gió, rồi tiếng hô xung phong phát ra. Chỉ chờ có thế, M79 của Quang khai pháo. Đại liên, B40 bị bắn tung lên, trong khi địch đang xung phong. Bấy giờ trung đội của Quang mới bắn trả. Chỉ một loạt đạn, toàn bộ phòng tuyến địch bị cắt. Quang ra lệnh xung phong. Tới căn hầm, binh sĩ không dám lại gần, vì bị lựu đạn từ trong ném ra. Quang ra lệnh cho hai khẩu đại liên bắn yểm trợ, rồi cho một khinh binh bò lại gần, tung vào trong một quả lựu đạn cay. Trong khi Quang hô :
- Ra khỏi hầm, dơ tay lên đầu ! Bằng không lựu đạn sẽ ném vào trong.
Cánh cửa hầm mở ra, mười tám người, nam có, nữ có, tay dơ lên đầu, ra khỏi hầm, lựu đạn cay làm nước mắt dàn dụa.
Đến đây trận chiến chấm dứt.
Thì ra 18 người đó là đảng bộ và ủy ban nhân dân của huyện châu thành Cần Thơ. Trong đó có viên huyện ủy và viên chủ tịch ủy ban nhân dân huyện.
Sau trận này Quang được tuyên dương công trạng trước quân đội, được gắn huy chương Anh Dũng Bội Tinh với nhành dương liễu. Trong lễ chiến thắng giản dị, Quang được một nữ sinh trường Đoàn Thị Điểm quàng vòng hoa. Nữ sinh đó tên Nguyễn Hoàng Châu, 15 tuổi, học lớp đệ ngũ. Cho hay, anh hùng với giai nhân xưa nay thường dễ cảm nhau. Quang, Châu yêu nhau từ đấy. Họ viết thư cho nhau hàng ngày. Khi có dịp theo quân qua Cần Thơ, thế nào Quang cũng gặp Châu. Đôi khi Châu táo bạo, xuống Chương Thiện thăm Quang. Mẹ Quang biết truyện, bà lên Cần Thơ gặp cha mẹ Châu. Hai gia đình đính ước với nhau. Họ cùng đồng ý : Đợi năm tới, Quang xin học khóa sĩ quan đặc biệt, Châu 17 tuổi, thì cho cưới nhau.
Nhưng mối tình đó đã đi vào lịch sử…
Tình hình toàn quốc trong tháng 3, tháng 4 năm 1975 biến chuyển mau lẹ. Ban Mê Thuột bị mất, Quân Đoàn 2 rút lui khỏi Cao Nguyên, rồi Quân Đoàn 1 bỏ mất lãnh thổ. Rồi các sĩ quan bộ Tổng Tham Mưu được Hoa Kỳ bốc đi. Ngày 29-4, trung đội của Quang chỉ còn mười người. Tiểu đoàn trưởng, đại đội trưởng bỏ ngũ về lo di tản gia đình. Quang vào bộ chỉ huy tiểu khu Chương Thiện trình diện Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn. Cẩn an ủi :
- Em đem mấy người thuộc quyền vào đây ở với anh.
Ngày 30 tháng 4 năm 1975, viên tướng mặt bánh đúc, đần độn Dương Văn Minh phát thanh bản văn ra lệnh cho quân đội Việt Nam Cộng-hòa buông súng đầu hàng. Tất cả các đơn vị quân đội miền Nam tuân lệnh, cởi bỏ chiến bào, về sống với gia đình. Một vài đơn vị lẻ lẻ còn cầm cự. Tiếng súng kháng cự của các đơn vị Dù tại Sài-gòn ngừng lúc 9 giờ 7 phút.
Đúng lúc đó tại Chương Thiện, tỉnh trưởng kiêm Tiểu Khu trưởng là Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn. Ông đang chỉ huy các đơn vị thuộc quyền chống lại cuộc tấn công của Cộng quân. Phần thắng đã nằm trong tay ông. Lệnh của Dương Văn Minh truyền đến. Các quận trưởng chán nản ra lệnh buông súng. Chỉ còn tỉnh lỵ là vẫn chiến đấu. Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn ra lệnh:
“Dương Văn Minh lên làm Tổng-thống trái với hiến pháp. Ông ta không có tư cách của vị Tổng Tư Lệnh. Hãy tiếp tục chiến đấu”.
Nhưng đến 12 giờ trưa, các đơn vị dần dần bị tràn ngập, vì quân ít, vì hết đạn vì mất tinh thần. Chỉ còn lại bộ chỉ huy tiểu khu. Trong bộ chỉ huy tiểu khu, có một đại đội địa phương quân cùng nhân viên bộ ham mưu. Đến 13 giờ, lựu đạn, đạn M79 hết. Tới 14 giờ 45, thì đạn hết, làn sóng Cộng quân tràn vào trong bộ chỉ huy. Cuối cùng chỉ còn một ổ kháng cự từ trong một hầm chiến đấu, nơi đó có khẩu đại liên. Một quả lựu đạn cay ném vào trong hầm, tiếng súng im bặt. Quân Cộng Sản vào hầm lôi ra hai người. Một là Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn, tỉnh trưởng, kiêm tiểu khu trưởng và một trung sĩ mớí 19 tuổi. Trung sĩ đó tên là Vũ Tiến Quang.
Bấy giờ đúng 15 giờ.
Kẻ chiến thắng trói người chiến bại lại. Viên đại tá chính ủy của đơn vị có nhiệm vụ đánh tỉnh Chương Thiện hỏi:
- Đ.M. Tại sao có lệnh đầu hàng, mà chúng mày không chịu tuân lệnh?
Đại Tá Cẩn trả lời bằng nụ cười nhạt.
Trung sĩ Quang chỉ Đại Tá Cẩn:
- Thưa đại tá, tôi không biết có lệnh đầu hàng. Ví dù tôi biết, tôi cũng vẫn chiến đấu. Vì anh ấy là cấp chỉ huy trực tiếp của tôi. Anh ra lệnh chiến đấu, thì tôi không thể cãi lệnh.
Cộng quân thu nhặt xác chết trong, ngoài bộ chỉ huy tiểu khu. Viên chính ủy chỉ những xác chết nói với Đại Tá Cẩn:
- Chúng mày là hai tên ngụy ác ôn nhất. Đ.M. Chúng mày sẽ phải đền tội.
Đại Tá Cẩn vẫn không trả lời, vẫn cười nhạt. Trung sĩ Quang ngang tàng:
- Đại tá có lý tưởng của đại tá, tôi có lý tưởng của tôi. Đại tá theo Karl Marx, theo Lénine; còn tôi, tôi theo vua Hùng, vua Trưng. Tôi tuy bại trận, nhưng tôi vẫn giữ lý tưởng của tôi. Tôi không gọi đại tá là tên Việt Cộng. Tại sao đại tá lại mày tao, văng tục với chúng tôi như bọn ăn cắp gà, phường trộm trâu vậy? Phải chăng đó ngôn ngữ của đảng Cộng-sản ?
Viên đại tá rút súng kề vào đầu Quang:
- Đ.M. Tao hỏi mày, bây giờ thì mày có chính nghĩa hay tao có chính nghĩa?
- Xưa nay súng đạn trong tay ai thì người đó có lý. Nhưng đối với tôi, tôi học trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, súng đạn là đồ chơi của tôi từ bé. Tôi không sợ súng đâu. Đại tá đừng dọa tôi vô ích. Tôi vẫn thấy tôi có chính nghĩa, còn đại tá không có chính nghĩa. Tôi là con cháu Hoài Văn Vương Trần Quốc Toản mà.
- Đ.M. Mày có chịu nhận mày là tên ngụy không?
- Tôi có chính nghĩa thì tôi không thể là ngụy. Còn Cộng quân dùng súng giết dân mới là ngụy, là giặc cướp. Tôi nhất quyết giữ chính khí của tôi như Bảo Nghĩa Vương Trần Bình Trọng, như Nguyễn Biểu.
Quang cười ngạo nghễ:
- Nếu đại tá có chính nghĩa tại sao đại tá lại dùng lời nói thô tục vớí tôi? Ừ! Muốn mày tao thì mày tao. Đ.M. tên Cộng Sản ác ôn! Nếu tao thắng, tao dí súng vào thái dương mày rồi hỏi: Đ.M.Mày có nhận mày là tên Việt Cộng không? Thì mày trả lời sao?
Một tiếng nổ nhỏ, Quang ngã bật ngửa, óc phọt ra khỏi đầu, nhưng trên môi người thiếu niên còn nở nụ cười. Tôi không có mặt tại chỗ, thành ra không mường tượng ý nghĩa nụ cười đó là nụ cười gì? Độc giả của tôi vốn thông minh, thử đoán xem nụ cưòi đó mang ý nghĩa nào? Nụ cười hối hận ? Nụ cười ngạo nghễ? Nụ cười khinh bỉ? Hay nụ cười thỏa mãn?
Ghi chú :
Nhân chứng quan trọng nhất, chứng kiến tận mắt cái chết của Vũ Tiến Quang thuật cho tác giả nghe là cô Vũ Thị Quỳnh Chi. Cô là em ruột của Quang, nhỏ hơn Quang 4 tuổi. Lúc anh cô bị giết, cô mới 15 tuổi (cô sinh năm 1960). Hiện (1999) cô là phu nhân của bác sĩ Jean Marc Bodoret, học trò của tôi, cư trú tại Marseille.
Cái lúc mà Quang ngã xuống, thì trong đám đông dân chúng tò mò đứng xem có tiếng một thiếu nữ thét lên như xé không gian, rồi cô rẽ những người xung quanh tiến ra ôm lấy xác Quang. Thiếu nữ đó là Nguyễn Hoàng Châu. Em gái Quang là Vũ thị Quỳnh Chi đã thuê được chiếc xe ba bánh. Cô cùng Nguyễn Hoàng Châu ôm xác Quang bỏ lên xe, rồi bọc xác Quang bằng cái Poncho, đem chôn.
Chôn Quang xong, Châu từ biệt Quỳnh Chi, trở về Cần Thơ. Nhưng ba ngày sau, vào một buổi sáng sớm Quỳnh-Chi đem vàng hương, thực phẩm ra cúng mộ anh, thì thấy Châu trong bộ y phục trắng của nữ sinh, chết gục bên cạnh. Mặt Châu vẫn tươi, vẫn đẹp như lúc sống. Đích thân Quỳnh Chi dùng mai, đào hố chôn Châu cạnh mộ Quang.
Năm 1998, tôi có dịp công tác y khoa trong đoàn Liên Hiệp các viện bào chế Châu Âu (CEP= Coopérative Européenne Pharmaceutique) , tôi đem J.M Bodoret cùng đi, Quỳnh Chi xin được tháp tùng chồng. Lợi dụng thời gian nghỉ công tác 4 ngày, từ Sài-gòn, chúng tôi thuê xe đi Chương Thiện, tìm lại ngôi mộ Quang-Châu. Ngôi mộ thuộc loại vùi nông một nấm dãi dầu nắng mưa, cỏ hoa trải 22 năm, rất khó mà biết đó là ngôi mộ. Nhưng Quỳnh-Chi có trí nhớ tốt. Cô đã tìm ra. Cô khóc như mưa, như gió, khóc đến sưng mắt. Quỳnh-Chi xin phép cải táng, nhưng bị từ chối. Tuy nhiên, cuối cùng có tiền thì mua tiên cũng được. Giấy phép có. Quỳnh-Chi cải táng mộ Quang-Châu đem về Kiên Hưng, chôn cạnh mộ của ông Vũ Tiến Đức. Quỳnh-Chi muốn bỏ hài cốt Quang, Châu vào hai cái tiểu khác nhau. Tôi là người lãng mạn. Tôi đề nghị xếp hai bộ xương chung với nhau vào trong một cái hòm. Bodoret hoan hô ý kiến của sư phụ.
Ngôi mộ của ông Đức, của Quang-Châu xây xong. Tôi cho khắc trên miếng đồng hàng chữ:
“Nơi đây AET Vũ Tiến Quang, 19 tuổi,
An giấc ngàn thu cùng
Vợ là Nguyễn Hoàng Châu
Nở nụ cười thỏa mãn vì thực hiện được giấc mộng”
Giấc mộng của Quang mà tôi muốn nói, là: được nhập học trường Thiếu Sinh Quân, rồi trở thành anh hùng. Giấc mộng của Châu là được chết, được chôn chung với người yêu. Nhưng người ta có thể hiểu rằng: Quang thỏa mãn nở nụ cười vì mối tình trọn vẹn.
Tiểu Sử Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn
"Tôi cũng không làm nhục các anh như các anh làm nhục tôi. Tôi cũng không hỏi các anh câu mà các anh hỏi tôi. Tôi chiến đấu cho tự do của người dân. Tôi có công mà không có tội. Không ai có quyền kết tội tôi. Lịch sử sẽ phê phán xét đoán các anh là giặc đỏ hay tôi là ngụy. Các anh muốn giết tôi, cứ giết đi. Xin đừng bịt mắt. Đả đảo cộng sản. Việt Nam muôn năm".
Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn (24 tháng 3 năm 1938 - 14 tháng 8 năm 1975)
Là một sĩ quan trong Quân lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Ông giữ nhiều chức vụ tác chiến trong binh chủng biệt động quân trong giai đoạn đầu đường binh nghiệp, rồi được biệt phái sang các Sư đoàn 21 và Sư đoàn 9 bộ binh. Chức vụ cuối cùng lúc bị phía cộng sản bắt là đại tá tỉnh trưởng tỉnh Chương Thiện (tỉnh lị là Vị Thanh nay là tỉnh lị tỉnh Hậu Giang). Sau khi lệnh từ Sài Gòn kêu gọi buông súng ông vẫn còn chiến đấu để cuối cùng đối phương vây bắt và mang ra xử bắn tại sân vận động Cần Thơ ngày 14 tháng 8 năm 1975.
Thiếu thời
Ông sinh ngày 24 tháng 3 năm 1938, tại miền tây. Thân phụ là một hạ sĩ quan trong quân đội Quốc gia Việt Nam. Thuở nhỏ ông rất khỏe mạnh, không hề bị bệnh tật gì. Năm 10 tuổi ông bị bệnh quai bị, cả hai bên. Tính tình hiền hậu, giản dị, trầm tư, ít nói. Khi ông bắt đầu đi học năm (1945) thì Chiến tranh Pháp-Việt bùng nổ, nên sự học bị gián đoạn. Mãi đến năm 1947 ông mới được đi học lại. Ông học chỉ đứng trung bình trong lớp. Năm 1951, phụ thân nộp đơn xin cho ông nhập học trường thiếu sinh quân. Thời điểm này, trên toàn lãnh thổ Việt Nam có 7 trường thiếu sinh quân như sau:
Trường thiếu sinh quân đệ nhất quân khu, ở Gia Định
Trường thiếu sinh quân đệ nhị quân khu ở Huế
Trường thiếu sinh quân đệ tam quân khu ở Hà Nội
Trường thiếu sinh quân Móng Cái dành cho sắc dân Nùng
Trường thiếu sinh quân đệ tứ quân khu ở Ban Mê Thuột
Trường thiếu sinh quân Đà Lạt của quân đội Pháp
Trường thiếu sinh quân Đông Dương của quân đội Pháp, ở Vũng Tàu
Ông được thu nhận vào lớp nhì trường thiếu sinh quân đệ nhất quân khu niên khóa 1951-1952. Trường này dạy theo chương trình Pháp. Ông đỗ tiểu học năm 1952. Cuối năm 1952, trường thiếu sinh quân đệ nhất quân khu di chuyển từ Gia Định về Mỹ Tho.
Khi Hiệp định Genève ký ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 1954, thì ngày 19 tháng 8 năm 1954, trường thiếu sinh quân đệ tam quân khu di chuyển từ Hà Nội vào, sát nhập với trường đệ nhất quân khu ở Mỹ Tho. Niên học 1954-1955, trường bắt đầu dạy chương trình Việt, và chỉ mở tới lớp đệ ngũ. Ông học lớp đệ lục A, giáo sư dạy Việt văn là ông Nguyễn Hữu Hùng, từ Bắc di cư vào. Thực là một điều lạ là giữa một số bạn học chương trình Việt từ Bắc vào mà ông lại tỏ ra xuất sắc về môn Việt văn. Trong năm học, có chín kỳ luận văn, thì bài của ông được tuyển chọn là bài xuất sắc, đọc cho cả lớp nghe bảy kỳ. Nhưng bài của ông chỉ đứng thứ nhì trong lớp mà thôi.
Binh nghiệp
Năm 17 tuổi ông được gửi lên học tại Liên trường võ khoa Thủ Đức, về vũ khí, niên khóa 1955-1956. Sau ba tháng, ông đậu chứng chỉ chuyên môn về vũ khí bậc nhất với hạng ưu. Sáu tháng sau đó, ông lại đậu chứng chỉ bậc nhì, và bắt đầu ký đăng vào quân đội với cấp bậc binh nhì.
Theo quy chế dành cho các thiếu sinh quân thời đó, một học sinh ra trường, thì ba tháng đầu với cấp bậc binh nhì, ba tháng sau với cấp bậc hạ sĩ, ba tháng sau thăng hạ sĩ nhất, và ba tháng sau nữa thăng trung sĩ. Chín tháng sau ông là trung sĩ huấn luyện viên về vũ khí.
Chiến tranh tại miền Nam tái phát vào năm 1960 tại một vài vùng. Sang năm 1961 thì lan rộng. Để giải quyết nhu cầu thiếu sĩ quan, bộ quốc phòng cho mở các khóa sĩ quan đặc biệt. Ông được nhập học Khóa 2 Hiện Dịch thuộc Trường Hạ Sỉ Quan Quân Lực Việt Nam Cộng Hòa tại Đồng Đế Nha Trang và tốt nghiệp khóa sĩ quan đặc biệt với cấp bậc chuẩn úy.
Sau khi ra trường, ông theo học một khóa huấn luyện biệt động quân, rồi thuyên chuyển về phục vụ tại khu 42 chiến thuật, với chức vụ khiêm tốn là trung đội trưởng thuộc tiểu đoàn 42 biệt động quân "Cọp ba đầu rằn". Lãnh thổ khu này gồm các tỉnh Cần Thơ (Phong Dinh), Chương Thiện, Sóc Trăng (Ba Xuyên), Bạc Liêu, Cà Mau (An Xuyên). Nhờ tài chỉ huy thiên bẩm và chiến đấu gan dạ nên ông được thăng cấp đặc cách nhiều lần tại mặt trận lên đến trung úy và được bổ nhiệm làm tiểu đoàn phó tiểu đoàn 42.
Cuối năm 1966, ông từ biệt tiểu đoàn 42 biệt động quân đi làm tiểu đoàn trưởng tiểu đoàn 1 trung đoàn 33 thuộc sư đoàn 21 bộ binh. Suốt năm 1967, ông với tiểu đoàn 1 tung hoành trên khắp lãnh thổ năm tỉnh vùng sông Hậu. Sau trận tổng công kích Mậu Thân, ông được thăng thiếu tá. Năm 1968, ông là người có nhiều huy chương nhất quân đội.
Năm 1970, ông được thăng trung tá và rời tiểu đoàn 1 trung đoàn 33 đi làm trung đoàn trưởng trung đoàn 15 thuộc sư đoàn 9 bộ binh. Năm 1972, ông được lệnh mang trung đoàn 15 từ miền Tây lên giải phóng An Lộc. Cuối năm 1973, ông được trở về chiến trường sình lầy với chức vụ tỉnh trưởng, kiêm tiểu khu trưởng tỉnh Chương Thiện.
Trận chiến cuối cùng
Cộng Sản Việt Nam hèn hạ dùng nhục hình để xử tử hình Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn ngày 14-8-1975.
Sau khi lệnh từ Sài Gòn kêu gọi buông súng ông vẫn còn chiến đấu. Các đơn vị quân cộng sản tiến vào tiếp thu tiểu khu Chương Thiện, thì gặp sức kháng cự, chết rất nhiều. Cuối cùng ông bị bắt và mang ra xử bắn tại sân vận động Cần Thơ ngày 14 tháng 8 năm 1975. Trước lúc bị hành hình, những người cộng sản xử ông hỏi ông có nhận tội vừa nêu ra không thì ông trả lời như sau:
"Nếu tôi thắng trong cuộc chiến, tôi sẽ không kết án các anh như các anh kết án tôi. Tôi cũng không làm nhục các anh như các anh làm nhục tôi. Tôi cũng không hỏi các anh câu mà các anh hỏi tôi. Tôi chiến đấu cho tự do của người dân. Tôi có công mà không có tội. Không ai có quyền kết tội tôi. Lịch sử sẽ phê phán xét đoán các anh là giặc đỏ hay tôi là ngụy. Các anh muốn giết tôi, cứ giết đi. Xin đừng bịt mắt. Đả đảo cộng sản. Việt Nam muôn năm".
Người dân Cần Thơ lén đưa thi thể có Đại Tá Hồ Ngọc Cẩn về ... và phủ cho một lá cờ Việt Nam Cộng Hòa ... mà cố Đại Tá đã suốt đời phục vụ cho lý tưởng của Việt Nam Cộng Hoà.
NGUYEN HUY HUNG
HƠN 50 NĂM ĐI TÌM ĐỒNG THUẬN VỀ HIỆP ĐỊNH GENEVA 1954.
HƠN 50 NĂM ĐI TÌM ĐỒNG THUẬN VỀ HIỆP ĐỊNH GENEVA 1954.
Ngày 7/07/2007 - Luật Sư Nguyễn Hữu Thống
12 giờ đêm 20-7-1954, tại Điện Liên Quốc Geneva, không phải chỉ có một hiệp định, mà có tất cả ba Hiệp Định Geneva cùng được ký kết là:
1) Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Việt Nam;
2). Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Ai Lao; và
3). Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Căm Bốt.
Từ đó đến nay đã hơn 50 năm. Trong thời gian này có nhiều tài liệu sách báo, nhiều cuộc thuyết trình hội thảo bàn về Hiệp Định Geneva về Việt Nam. Tuy nhiên cho đến nay chúng ta vẫn không có đồng thuận về tính chất và tác dụng của Hiệp Định. Bất đồng giữa người dân chủ và người cộng sản; bất đồng giữa những người dân chủ trong cùng một chiến tuyến; bất đồng giữa những sử gia hay luật gia và một số những người hoạt động chính trị.
Các nhà sử học và luật học chỉ tham chiếu vào nguyên bản Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Việt Nam ngày 20-7-1954 để kết luận rằng, về tính chất, đây là một hiệp ước thuần túy quân sự tương tự như Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Bàn Môn Điếm ký kết tại Triều Tiên trước đó một năm, ngày 27-7-1953.
Hai Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự này hiển nhiên có tính chất quân sự và có tác dụng ngừng bắn (cease-fire) hay đình chiến (armistice), đồng thời quy định một giới tuyến quân sự (military line) làm biên giới (boundary) cho hai miền Nam Bắc: vĩ tuyến 38 tại Triều Tiên và vĩ tuyến 17 tại Việt Nam. Vì là những hiệp ước thuần túy quân sự nên chúng không có tác dụng chính trị, và không đưa ra giải pháp chính trị như tổng tuyển cử để thống nhất hai miền Nam Bắc. Cho đến nay, sau 54 năm, vẫn chưa có một giải pháp chính trị cho vấn đề thống nhất Triều Tiên.
Trong khi đó, một số những người hoạt động chính trị lại khẳng định rằng, ngoài Hiệp Định Geneva ngày 20-7-1954 còn có thêm văn kiện ngày 21-7-1954. Đối với họ, văn kiện này là một hiệp ước chính trị, vì nó đưa ra giải pháp thống nhất hai miền Nam Bắc bằng tổng tuyển cử vào năm 1956. Đây là lập trường cố hữu của Đảng Cộng Sản, theo đó, vì Việt Nam Cộng Hòa đã không thi hành Hiệp Định Geneva 1954 và không tổ chức tổng tuyển cử để thống nhất đất nước bằng đường lối hòa bình, nên Bắc Việt phải dùng võ trang để thống nhất quốc gia. Thật ra văn kiện ngày 21-7-1954 không phải là một hiệp ước hay hiệp định, mà chỉ là một bản tuyên bố mệnh danh là “Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng” (Final Declaration).
Có 9 quốc gia tham dự Hội Nghị Geneva 1954 là Mỹ, Anh, Pháp, Liên Xô, Trung Quốc và 4 quốc gia Đông Dương là hai nước Việt Nam, Ai Lao và Cam Bốt.
Điều đáng chú ý là trong số 9 phái đoàn, không có đại diện quốc gia nào ký tên vào bản Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954, kể cả Quốc Gia Việt Nam và Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa.
Trong khi đó trong Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva ngày 20-7-1954 chỉ có hai chữ ký của hai tướng lãnh là:
1). Thiếu Tướng Henri Delteil đại diện Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp tại Đông Dương; và
2). Thiếu Tướng Tạ Quang Bửu, Thứ Trưởng Bộ Quốc Phòng, đại diện Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam (Bắc Việt), Tổng Tư Lệnh các đơn vị chiến đấu Pathet Lào và Tổng Tư Lệnh các lực lượng Kháng Chiến Khờ-Me.
Có nhiều phương cách để diễn giải Hiệp Định Geneva 1954:
1). Theo danh xưng chính thức, đây là Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Việt Nam, tương tự như Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Triều Tiên ký một năm trước đó, ngày 27-7-1953.
Đã gọi là “đình chỉ chiến sự” thì chỉ có thể là một hiệp định đình chiến hay ngừng bắn nghĩa là một hiệp định thuần túy quân sự. Nó không thể đề cập đến những vấn đề chính trị như tổng tuyển cử để thống nhất hai miền Nam Bắc. Đó cũng là tính chất và tác dụng của Hiệp Định Bàn Môn Điếm (Triều Tiên) ngày 27-7-1953.
2). Quốc Gia Việt Nam không ký Hiệp Định Geneva ngày 20-7-1954, và cũng không ký Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954. Do đó Việt Nam Cộng Hòa không có nghĩa vụ pháp lý phải tổ chức tổng tuyển cử vào năm 1956.
3). Hoa Kỳ cũng đã không ký Hiệp Định Geneva 1954 vì Hoa Kỳ không tham gia vào Chiến Tranh Đông Dương Thứ Nhất (1946-1954). Ngày 18-7-1954 tại Hoa Thịnh Đốn, Tổng Thống Eisenhower minh thị tuyên bố Hoa Kỳ không bị ràng buộc bởi Hiệp Định Geneva 1954.
4). Trong khi đó Quốc Gia Việt Nam đã tham gia Chiến Tranh Đông Dương Thứ Nhất từ 1949 sau khi thâu hồi chủ quyền độc lập do Hiệp Định Élysée ký ngày 8-3-1949 giữa Tổng Thống Vincent Auriol và Quốc Trưởng Bảo Đại. Với tư cách đại diện Quốc Gia Việt Nam, phái đoàn Việt Nam đã tham dự Hội Nghị Geneva từ tháng 5-1954 với Ngoại Trưởng Nguyễn Quốc Định, và từ tháng 6-1954 với Ngoại Trưởng Trần Văn Đỗ.
Từ 1949 Việt Nam là một quốc gia liên kết trong Khối Liên Hiệp Pháp. Người ký Hiệp Định Geneva ngày 20-7-1954 là Thiếu Tướng Henri Delteil, đại diện Bộ Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp tại Đông Dương. Theo quy chế Liên Hiệp Pháp, trong thời chiến tranh, Việt Nam và Pháp cùng chiến đấu dưới danh nghĩa Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp. Do đó chữ ký của vị tư lệnh hành quân Henri Delteil có hiệu lực ràng buộc Quốc Gia Việt Nam về mặt quân sự. Tướng Henri Delteil không có tư cách đại diện cho ba Quốc Gia Đông Dương về mặt chính trị, vì lúc này 3 nước Việt Nam , Ai Lao và Cam Bốt đã được độc lập chiếu các Hiệp Định Elysée ngày 8-3-1949, 20-7-1949 và 8-11-1949.
5). Quốc Gia Việt Nam đã thực sự tuân hành những điều khoản quy định trong Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva 1954, như ngừng bắn, đình chiến, trao đổi tù binh, tập kết quân cán chính theo giới tuyến quân sự (phía Nam vĩ tuyến 17), và đã tổ chức di tản gần một triệu đồng bào Miền Bắc tỵ nạn Cộng Sản trong thời hạn 300 ngày tập kết.
Như vậy Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva 1954 đã được thực sự thi hành về mặt quân sự. Quốc Gia Việt Nam và sau đó là Việt Nam Cộng Hòa không có trách nhiệm tổ chức tổng tuyển cử năm 1956 để thống nhất hai miền Nam Bắc về mặt chính trị.
Muốn hiểu rõ vấn đề, chúng ta phải có cái nhìn bao quát từ 1949, là thời điểm ranh mốc lịch sử của Âu Châu và Á Châu.
Tại Âu Châu, tháng 10-1949 với sự thành lập Cộng Hòa Dân Chủ (Đông) Đức, Stalin kiện toàn Bức Màn Sắt gồm 7 nước: Ba Lan, Hung Gia Lợi, Tiệp Khắc, Đông Đức, An Ba Ni, Bun Ga Ri và Ru Ma Ni. Từ đó Đế Quốc Sô Viết thành hình. Và Chiến Tranh Lạnh hay Chiến Tranh Ý Thức Hệ bộc phát giữa Quốc Tế Cộng Sản và Thế Giới Dân Chủ.
Tại Á Châu, cũng trong tháng 10-1949, Mao Trạch Đông chiếm toàn thể Hoa Lục và thành lập Cộng Hòa Nhân Dân Trung Quốc. Với tham vọng đế quốc, họ Mao tuyên bố sẽ giải phóng một ngàn triệu con người Á Châu khỏi ách đế quốc tư bản. Đây hiển nhiên là lời thách thức Thế Giới Dân Chủ.
Cũng trong năm 1949, tại Á Châu, tất cả các Đế Quốc Tây Phương như Mỹ, Anh, Pháp, Hòa Lan đã lần lượt tự giải thể để trả độc lập cho 12 thuộc địa Á Châu:
Năm 1946 Hoa Kỳ trả độc lập cho Phi Luật Tân, và Pháp trả độc lập cho Syria và Lebanon.
Trong những năm 1947 và 1948, Anh trả độc lập cho 5 nước Ấn Độ, Đại Hồi, Miến Điện, Tích Lan và Palestine.
Năm 1949, Pháp trả độc lập cho Việt Nam (tháng 3-1949), cho Ai Lao (tháng 7-1949) và cho Cao Miên (tháng 11-1949). Và Hòa Lan trả độc lập cho Nam Dương tháng 12-1949.
Nhân danh Chủ Tịch Liên Hiệp Pháp, Tổng Thống Vincent Auriol yêu cầu Quốc Gia Việt Nam gia nhập Liên Hiệp Pháp trong tinh thần bình đẳng, hợp tác và hữu nghị.
Từ đó Việt Nam được hoàn toàn độc lập về chính trị, kinh tế, văn hóa và có quân đội riêng. Theo quy chế Liên Hiệp Pháp, Việt Nam và Pháp có chính sách ngoại giao chung và phòng thủ chung.
Về mặt quốc phòng, biên thùy củaViệt Nam là biên thùy của Liên Hiệp Pháp mà Cộng Hòa Pháp có nghĩa vụ phải bảo vệ. Giữa Việt Nam và Pháp có nghĩa vụ an ninh hỗ tương. Khi có chiến tranh, hai bên sẽ thiết lập một Bộ Tham Mưu Hỗn Hợp với một tướng lãnh Pháp làm tư lệnh hành quân và một tướng lãnh Việt Nam làm tham mưu trưởng.
Trở lại Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva ngày 20-7-1954, vì đây là một hiệp ước quân sự nên chỉ có 2 chữ ký của 2 tướng lãnh:
Thiếu tướng Henri Delteil và Thiếu Tướng Tạ Quang Bửu, Thứ Trưởng Bộ Quốc Phòng. Cũng như trong Hiệp Định Đình Chiến Bàn Môn Điếm ngày 27-7-1953, chỉ có 2 chữ ký, một của vị tướng lãnh Hoa Kỳ đại diện Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Quốc tại Triều Tiên, và một của vị tướng lãnh Bắc Hàn đại diện Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Cộng Sản (Bắc Hàn và Trung Quốc).
Ngày 20-7-1954, Thiếu Tướng Tạ Quang Bửu đã ký cả 3 Hiệp Định Đình Chiến ở Việt Nam, ở Ai Lao và ở Cam Bốt. Lẽ tất nhiên, chiếu nguyên tắc Dân Tộc Tự Quyết, Tướng Tạ Quang Bửu thuộc Bộ Quốc Phòng không có quyền đại diện cho Ai Lao và Cam Bốt nếu đây là những Hiệp Ước Ngoại Giao có tác dụng chính trị.
Chúng ta hãy đối chiếu Hiệp Định Geneva 1954 với Hiệp Định Paris 1973:
Trái với Hiệp Định Geneva ngày 20-7-1954, Hiệp Định Paris ngày 27-1-1973 là một hiệp ước ngoại giao có tác dụng chính trị (thống nhất Việt Nam). Do đó nó mang chữ ký của các ngoại trưởng Trần Văn Lắm (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa), William Rogers (Hoa Kỳ), Nguyễn Duy Trinh (Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa) và Nguyễn Thị Bình (Cộng Hòa Miền Nam Việt Nam). Ngoài ra, cùng với Ông Tổng Thư Ký Liên Hiệp Quốc còn có 10 Quốc Gia đứng ra bảo lãnh sự thi hành Hiệp Định Paris 1973.
Theo Điều 15 Hiệp Định Paris 1973: “việc thống nhất Việt Nam sẽ được thực hiện từng bước bằng phương pháp hòa bình trên căn bản thương nghị và thỏa thuận giữa Miền Bắc và Miền Nam, không bên nào cưỡng ép bên nào, không bên nào thôn tính bên nào. Thời gian thống nhất sẽ do Miền Bắc và Miền Nam đồng thỏa thuận” (theo nguyên tắc nhất trí). Vậy mà, 2 năm sau, khi Hiệp Định Paris còn chưa ráo mực, Bắc Việt đã đem quân xâm lăng Việt Nam Cộng Hòa. Luật pháp văn minh của loài người đã bị thay thế bởi Luật Rừng Xanh. Đây là một vi phạm cực kỳ thô bạo.
Trong khi đó Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva ngày 20-7-1954 và Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Bàn Môn Điếm ngày 27-7-1953 là những bản hiệp ước thuần túy quân sự và có tác dụng ngừng bắn hay đình chiến, nhằm quy định một giới tuyến quân sự là biên giới của hai miền Nam Bắc (vĩ tuyến 17 Bắc tại Việt Nam và vĩ tuyến 38 Bắc tại Triều Tiên). Tại vùng giới tuyến thuộc quyền kiểm soát của quân đội bên nào thì chính quyền bên ấy phụ trách việc quản trị hành chánh.
Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Việt Nam gồm 6 Chương và 47 Điều, có nội dung thuần túy quân sự, như quy định giới tuyến, ngừng bắn, quân số, võ khí, căn cứ quân sự, liên minh quân sự, tha tù binh, thời hạn tập kết, không phong tỏa và không kình chống, Ban Liên Hợp Quân Sự và Ủy Hội Quốc Tế Kiểm Soát Đình Chiến, v.v...
Hội Nghị Geneva về Đông Dương được triệu tập đầu tháng 5-1954 với 9 phái đoàn tham dự:
1). Đại diện 3 cường quốc Tây Phương Mỹ, Anh, Pháp, là Thứ Trưởng Ngoại Giao Hoa Kỳ Bedell Smith, Ngoại Trưởng Anh Eden, và Ngoại Trưởng Pháp Bidault.
2). Đại diện 2 cường quốc Cộng Sản là Ngoại Trưởng Nga Molotov và Thủ Tướng Chu Ân Lai. (Trung Quốc được mời tham dự vì có can thiệp vào Chiến Tranh Triều Tiên và Chiến Tranh Đông Dương).
3). Đại diện 4 quốc gia Đông Dương là Trần Văn Đỗ (Nam Việt), Phạm Văn Đồng và Tạ Quang Bửu (Bắc Việt), Sam Sary (Cao Miên), và một đại diện Ai Lao. Hai Ngoại Trưởng Anh, Nga là đồng chủ tịch Hội Nghị Geneva 1954.
Chương trình nghị sự là đình chiến hay ngừng bắn.
Phái đoàn Quốc Gia Việt Nam đề nghị không chia cắt lãnh thổ, chỉ ngừng bắn tại chỗ hay ngừng bắn da beo dưới quyền kiểm soát của Liên Hiệp Quốc. Tới tháng 7-1954, quân đội Liên Hiệp Pháp vẫn kiểm soát các thị trấn lớn, kể cả đường chiến lược số 5 (Hà Nội, Hải Dương, Hải Phòng) và các giáo khu Bùi Chu, Phát Diệm. Quân số Pháp tại Điện Biên Phủ chỉ là 5% tổng số lực lượng Liên Hiệp Pháp. (Ngừng bắn tại chỗ cũng là đề nghị của phái bộ Hoa Kỳ trong Hội Nghị Bàn Môn Điếm). Tuy nhiên kinh nghiệm cho biết, trong giai đoạn hòa đàm, phe Cộng Sản vẫn vừa đánh vừa đàm, và số thương vong còn trầm trọng hơn cả trong giai đoạn vận động chiến. Kết cuộc Hội Nghị đã chấp nhận ngừng bắn hay đình chiến theo một giới tuyến: vĩ tuyến 38 tại Triều Tiên và vĩ tuyến 17 tại Việt Nam.
Hiệp Định Geneva được ký hồi 12 giờ đêm 20-7-1954. Đó là kỳ hạn chót để nội các Mendes France ký một hiệp định ngừng bắn tức khắc. Nếu không đạt được kết quả này thì ngày hôm sau nội các Mendes France sẽ từ chức. Ông đã minh thị cam kết như vậy với Quốc Hội Pháp khi nhậm chức thay thế Thủ Tướng Laniel ngày 17-6-1954. Không có sự chối cãi là Hiệp Định Geneva được ký kết ngày 20-7-1954 và KHÔNG CÓ HIỆP ĐỊNH GENEVA NÀO KHÁC ĐƯỢC KÝ NGÀY 21-7-1954. 3 giờ sau, sáng ngày 21-7-1954, Hội Nghị thông qua bản Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng (Final Declaration), trong đó có điều khoản khuyến cáo 2 nước Việt Nam tổ chức tổng tuyển cử vào tháng 7-1956.
Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954 không mang chữ ký của bất cứ đại diện phái đoàn nào của 9 quốc gia tham dự hội nghị. Đây chỉ là một bản tuyên ngôn ý định (Declaration of Intent) nói lên ý nguyện hay khuyến cáo của Hội Nghị. Hai tướng Henri Delteil và Tạ Quang Bửu cũng không ký vào Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng.
Về mặt pháp lý, tuyên ngôn không phải là hiệp ước, nên không có giá trị pháp lý và không có hiệu lực chấp hành.
Chúng ta đơn cử 4 thí dụ:
1). Tuyên Ngôn Độc Lập Hoa Kỳ ngày 4-7-1776 chỉ là một bản tuyên ngôn ý định, nói lên ý nguyện giải phóng dân tộc của nhân dân Hoa Kỳ trong một giai đoạn lịch sử. Nó không có giá trị pháp lý của một hiệp ước và không có hiệu lực chấp hành. Mãi 6 năm sau, Anh Quốc mới ký Hiệp Định năm 1782 để trao trả độc lập cho Hoa Kỳ.
2). Sau cuộc đảo chính Nhật ngày 9-3-1945, vua Bảo Đại đã công bố bản Tuyên Ngôn Việt Nam Độc Lập ngày 11-3-1945. Đây cũng chỉ là bản tuyên ngôn ý định nói lên ước nguyện của dân tộc Việt Nam. Mãi 4 năm sau, ngày 8-3-1949, Hiệp Định Élysée mới được ký kết để hủy bãi các Hiệp Ước Thuộc Địa, và Hiệp Ước Bảo Hộ để trao trả chủ quyền độc lập và thống nhất cho Quốc Gia Việt Nam.
3). Tuyên Ngôn Độc Lập của Sukarno ngày 17-8-1945 sau khi Nhật đầu hàng Đồng Minh. Vậy mà mãi 4 năm sau, tháng 12-1949 Hòa Lan mới ký Hiệp Định Amsterdam để trả độc lập cho Nam Dương.
4). Tuyên Ngôn Độc Lập ngày 2-9-1945 của Hồ Chí Minh cũng chỉ là bản tuyên ngôn ý định, và Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa (Bắc Việt) chỉ được thừa nhận trên thực tế (9 năm sau) bởi Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva ngày 20-7-1954.
Do đó bản Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954, vì không mang chữ ký của bất cứ đại diện nào trong số 9 quốc gia tham dự Hội Nghị Geneva, nên không phải là một hiệp ước, không có giá trị pháp lý và không có hiệu lực chấp hành.
VÀ VIỆT NAM CỘNG HÒA ĐÃ KHÔNG VI PHẠM HIỆP ĐỊNH GENEVA 1954 KHI TỪ CHỐI TỔ CHỨC TỔNG TUYỂN CỬ NĂM 1956.
Ngay trong ngày 21-7-1954, Ngoại Trưởng Trần Văn Đỗ đại diện Quốc Gia Việt Nam đã ra tuyên cáo phản kháng sự áp đặt các giải pháp chính trị trong một hiệp định thuần túy quân sự như Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva 1954, mà không có sự thỏa thuận và ký kết của phái đoàn Quốc Gia Việt Nam. Vả lại các tướng lãnh Henri Delteil và Tạ Quang Bửu cũng không có tư cách đại diện cho nhân dân Việt Nam, Cam Bốt và Ai Lao để ký những hiệp ước ngoại giao nhằm giải quyết những vấn đề chính trị chiếu nguyên tắc Dân Tộc Tự Quyết.
Tại Triều Tiên, Hiệp Định Đình Chiến Bàn Môn Điếm được ký từ 54 năm nay. Vậy mà cho đến nay, vẫn chưa có một giải pháp chính trị nào để thực hiện sự thống nhất Triều Tiên.
Vả lại các Hiệp Định Đình Chiến ở Việt Nam, Ai Lao và Cao Miên do các Tướng Henri Delteil và Tạ Quang Bửu ký ngày 20-7-1954 cũng chỉ đề cập đến những vấn đề quân sự, như ngừng bắn, rút quân, quân số, võ khí, căn cứ quân sự, liên minh quân sự, tha tù binh, Ban Liên Hợp Quân Sự và Ủy Hội Quốc Tế Kiểm Soát Đình Chiến v...v.... (Trong Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Cam Bốt có chữ ký của Tướng Nhiek Tioulong, đại diện Tổng Tư Lệnh các Lực Lượng Vũ Trang Quốc Gia Khờ Me).
8 năm sau, năm 1962, cũng tại Geneva, một giải pháp chính trị về Quy Chế Trung Lập Ai Lao mới được các đại diện của 14 quốc gia ký kết trong Bản Tuyên Cáo ngày 23-7-1962 để thừa nhận nền trung lập của Ai Lao. Đó là:
5 ngoại trưởng của Ngũ Cường là Rusk (Hoa Kỳ), Home (Anh Quốc), Gromyko (Liên Xô), Couve de Mourville (Pháp) và Trần Nghị (Trung Cộng);
6 đại diện các quốc gia Đông Dương và kế cận là Ngoại Trưởng Vũ Văn Mẫu (Việt Nam Cộng Hòa), Ngoại Trưởng Ung Văn Khiêm (Bắc Việt), Tioulong (Căm Bốt), Pholsena (Ai Lao), Jayanama (Thái Lan) và U Thi Han (Miến Điện); và
3 đại diện các quốc gia trong Ủy Hội Quốc Tế Kiểm Soát Đình Chiến là Menon (Ấn Độ), Green (Gia Nã Đại) và Rapacki (Ba Lan).
Khác với Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Ai Lao ngày 20-7-1954, Bản Tuyên Cáo về Nền Trung Lập của Ai Lao ngày 23-7-1962 là một hiệp ước ngoại giao có tác dụng chính trị nhằm quyết định Quy Chế Trung Lập của Ai Lao.
Trở lại việc thực thi Hiệp Định Đình Chiến Geneva 1954, trong thời hạn tập kết 300 ngày, từ tháng 7-1954 đến tháng 5-1955, khi chính quyền Ngô Đình Diệm đang lo tổ chức cuộc di cư và định cư cho gần một triệu đồng bào Miền Bắc tỵ nạn Cộng Sản thì Hồ Chí Minh và Lê Duẩn đã chuẩn bị tái phát động chiến tranh theo lớp lang như sau:
Chôn giấu võ khí để chờ cơ hội tái phát động chiến tranh.
Gài các cán binh vào các cơ quan chính quyền địa phương hay các tổ chức quần chúng để tuyên truyền, phản gián và lũng đoạn.
Xoa dịu đấu tranh đối với những thành phần mệnh danh là địa chủ để xóa bỏ hận thù. Nếu không dỗ dành được thì thủ tiêu.
Tập kết ra Bắc những cán binh có khả năng để tái huấn luyện chờ ngày trở lại.
Đặc biệt là trong những tuần lễ sau cùng của thời hạn tập kết, gấp rút tổ chức những đám cưới tập thể cho hàng vạn cán binh ra đi bỏ lại hàng vạn thiếu nữ trẻ, nhiều cô chỉ chung sống với chồng dăm ba hôm. Đó là kế hoạch cấy người, gây hạt nhân để 2 năm sau, khi những cán binh Miền Nam hồi kết, họ có sẵn những tiểu tổ bí mật để hoạt động, tuyên truyền và gây cơ sở quần chúng. Đồng thời thành lập các đơn vị võ trang địa phương để yểm trợ các lực lượng võ trang từ Miền Bắc kéo vào.
Sau đó công khai hóa Mặt Trận Giải Phóng Miền Nam để phát động chiến tranh võ trang nhằm thôn tính Miền Nam bằng võ lực.
Như vậy Bắc Việt đã vi phạm nghiêm trọng Hiệp Định Geneva 1954 bằng cách chuẩn bị chiến tranh võ trang ngay từ khi thời hạn tập kết 300 ngày chưa kết thúc.
Theo chính sách cố hữu của Cộng Sản, các hiệp ước ngoại giao chỉ là những cơ hội hay phương tiện nhằm thực hiện được những mục tiêu chính trị giai đoạn:
1. Ký Hiệp Ước Sơ Bộ Sainteny ngày 6- 3-1946 nhờ Pháp tống xuất quân đội Trung Hoa để thừa cơ thanh toán các đảng phái quốc gia như Quốc Dân Đảng, Đồng Minh Hội, Đại Việt, Duy Dân, v.v... Sau đó lại phát động Chiến Tranh Đông Dương Thứ I (1946-1954).
2. Ký Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự Geneva ngày 20-7-1954 để tống xuất quân đội Pháp và cướp chính quyền tại Miền Bắc. Sau đó lại phát động Chiến Tranh Đông Dương Thứ II để thôn tính Miền Nam.
3. Ký Hiệp Định Hòa Bình Paris ngày 27-1-1973 để tống xuất quân đội Hoa Kỳ. Và hai năm sau, khi Hiệp Định còn chưa ráo mực, lại phát động tổng tấn công võ trang để thôn tính Miền Nam.
Bằng những thủ đoạn gian manh trí trá, không đếm xỉa đến chữ ký và danh dự quốc gia, Đảng Cộng Sản Việt Nam đã đưa đất nước ra khỏi cộng đồng nhân loại văn minh. Đồng thời dạy cho các thế hệ thanh niên nam nữ những thủ đoạn gian manh quỷ quyệt làm suy đồi văn hóa đạo lý và sa đọa con người đến cả trăm năm về sau.
Hơn 50 năm nhìn lại chúng ta không khỏi ngậm ngùi:
Đại hạnh của Ấn Độ là có một Gandhi theo Chủ Nghĩa Dân Tộc.
Đại bất hạnh của Việt Nam là có một Hồ Chí Minh theo Chủ Nghĩa Quốc Tế Vô Sản.
PHỤ ĐÍNH
Để có tài liệu tham khảo trong việc tìm hiểu sự thật lịch sử, chúng tôi trích lược một số điều khoản căn bản trong hai tài liệu liên quan đến Hiệp Định Geneva 1954:
1) Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Việt Nam ngày 20-7-1954 có 2 chữ ký, một của Thiếu Tướng Tạ Quang Bửu, Thứ Trưởng Bộ Quốc Phòng Nước Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa thay mặt Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam, và một của Thiếu Tướng Henri Delteil thay mặt Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp ở Đông Dương.
2) Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954 của Hội Nghị Geneva. Bản Tuyên Ngôn này không có chữ ký của bất cứ phái đoàn nào trong 9 quốc gia tham dự Hội Nghị. Hai Tướng Henri Delteil và Tạ Quang Bửu cũng không ký tên vào bản Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng.
Những tài liệu này được trích từ cuốn “Vì Độc Lập Hòa Bình: Đông Dương 1954/1973” do các tác giả Thế Nguyên, Diễm Châu, và Đoàn Tường xuất bản tại Saigon năm 1973, và đã được nhà Đại Nam tái bản tại Hoa Kỳ sau 1975. * * * TÀI LIỆU I
HIỆP ĐỊNH ĐÌNH CHỈ CHIẾN SỰ Ở VIỆT NAM NGÀY 20-7-1954
CHƯƠNG I:
GIỚI TUYẾN QUÂN SỰ TẠM THỜI VÀ KHU PHI QUÂN SỰ
Điều 1: Một giới tuyến quân sự tạm thời sẽ được quy định rõ, để lực lượng của hai bên, sau khi rút lui, sẽ tập hợp ở bên này và bên kia giới tuyến ấy: Lực lượng Quân đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam ở phía Bắc giới tuyến, Lực lượng Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp ở phía Nam giới tuyến. CHƯƠNG II
NGUYÊN TẮC VÀ CÁCH THỨC THI HÀNH HIỆP ĐỊNH NÀY
Điều 10: Các Bộ Tư lệnh quân đội đôi bên, một bên là Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Nhân Dân Việt Nam, một bên là Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp ở Đông Dương, sẽ ra lệnh hoàn toàn đình chỉ chiến sự ở Việt Nam cho tất cả lực lượng võ trang đặt dưới quyền của họ, kể tất cả các đơn vị và nhân viên Lục, Hải, Không quân, và bảo đảm sự thực hiện đình chỉ chiến sự đó (...)
CHƯƠNG III
CẤM ĐEM THÊM QUÂN ĐỘI, NHÂN VIÊN QUÂN SỰ, VŨ KHÍ ĐẠN DƯỢC MỚI-CĂN CỨ QUÂN SỰ
Các Điều 16 đến 19: Kể từ khi Hiệp Định này bắt đầu có hiệu lực, cấm không được tăng thêm vào nước Việt Nam mọi bộ đội và nhân viên quân sự, mọi thứ vũ khí đạn dược, không được thành lập những căn cứ quân sự mới hay những căn cứ quân sự ngoại quốc và không được gia nhập một Liên Minh Quân Sự nào.
CHƯƠNG IV
TÙ BINH VÀ THƯỜNG DÂN BỊ GIAM GIỮ
Điều 21: Việc tha và cho hồi hương những tù binh và những thường dân đang bị mỗi bên trong hai bên giam giữ sẽ tiến hành theo những điều kiện sau đây: Kể từ khi Hiệp Định này bắt đầu có hiệu lực, các tù binh và thường dân bị giam giữ sẽ được tha trong thời hạn 30 ngày kể từ ngày sự ngừng bắn được thực sự thi hành tại mỗi chiến trường.
CHƯƠNG V
ĐIỀU KHOẢN LINH TINH
Điều 24: Hiệp Định này áp dụng cho tất cả những lực lượng vũ trang của đôi bên. Lực lượng vũ trang của mỗi bên sẽ phải tôn trọng khu phi quân sự và lãnh thổ đặt dưới quyền kiểm soát quân sự của bên kia và sẽ không có hành động hoặc hoạt động gì chống bên kia, hoặc một hoạt động phong tỏa bất cứ bằng cách nào ở Việt Nam. Danh từ “lãnh thổ” nói đây bao gồm cả hải phận và không phận.
CHƯƠNG VI
BAN LIÊN HỢP VÀ BAN QUỐC TẾ Ở VIỆT NAM
Điều 26: Trách nhiệm thực hiện Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự là thuộc về hai bên.
Điều 29 và Điều 34: Viêc giám sát và kiểm soát sự thực hiện ấy do một Ban Quốc Tế bảo đảm. Ban ấy gồm một số đại biểu bằng nhau của Ấn Độ, Ba Lan và Gia Nã Đại, do Đại Biểu Ấn Độ làm chủ tịch....
Làm tại Giơ-neo-vơ ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 1954, lúc 24 giờ bằng tiếng Pháp và tiếng Việt Nam; cả hai bản đều có giá trị như nhau.
Thay mặt Tổng Tư Lệnh Thay mặt Tổng Tư Lệnh Quân Đội Nhân Dân Quân Đội Liên Hiệp Pháp Việt Nam ở Đông Dương TẠ QUANG BỬU HENRI DELTEIL Thứ Trưởng Bộ Quôc Phòng Thiếu Tướng Nước Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa
TÀI LIỆU II
TUYÊN NGÔN SAU CÙNG NGÀY 21-7-1954
Ngày 21 tháng 7 năm 1954 của Hội Nghị Geneva về vấn đề lập lại hòa bình ở Đông Dương, với sự tham gia của đại biểu Cao Miên, Quốc gia Việt Nam, Mỹ, Pháp, Lào, Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa, Trung Hoa Nhân Dân Cộng Hòa, Anh và Liên Sô. Hội Nghị chứng nhận những bản Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự ở Cao Miên, Lào, và Việt Nam và tổ chức sự kiểm soát quốc tế và sự giám sát việc thi hành những điều khoản của các Hiệp Định đó. Hội Nghị hài lòng về việc chấm dứt chiến sự ở Cao Miên, Lào và Việt Nam. Hội Nghị tỏ lòng tin tưởng rằng việc thi hành những diều khoản ghi trong bản Tuyên Bố này và trong những Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự làm cho ba nước Cao Miên, Lào và Việt Nam từ nay có thể nhận, với độc lập và chủ quyền hoàn toàn, vai trò của mình trong tập thể hòa bình của các nước.
Hội Nghị tuyên bố rằng đối với Việt Nam, việc giải quyết các vấn đề chính trị, thực hiện trên cơ sở tôn trọng nguyên tắc độc lập, thống nhất và toàn vẹn lãnh thổ, sẽ phải làm cho nhân dân Việt Nam được hưởng những sự tự do căn bản, bảo đảm bởi những tổ chức dân chủ thành lập sau Tổng Tuyển Cử tự do và bỏ phiếu kín.
Để cho việc lập lại hòa bình tiến triển đến mức cần thiết và để thực hiện tất cả những điều kiện cần thiết cho nhân dân Việt Nam có thể tự do bầy tỏ ý muốn, cuộc Tổng Tuyển Cử sẽ tổ chức vào tháng 7-1956, dưới sự kiểm soát của một Ban Quốc Tế gồm đại biểu những nước có chân trong Ban Giám Sát và Kiểm Soát Quốc Tế đã nói trong Hiệp Định Đình Chỉ Chiến Sự. Kể từ ngày 20 tháng 7 năm 1955, những nhà đương cục có thẩm quyền trong hai vùng sẽ có những cuộc gặp gỡ để thương lượng về vấn đề đó....
* * * Bản Tuyên Ngôn Sau Cùng ngày 21-7-1954 của Hội Nghị Geneva không có chữ ký của đại diện 9 quốc gia tham dự Hội Nghị, kể cả hai nước Việt Nam là Quốc Gia Việt Nam (Miền Nam) và Việt Nam Dân Chủ Cộng Hòa (Miền Bắc). Đây chỉ là bản tuyên ngôn ý định, không phải là hiệp định nên không có hiệu lực chấp hành.
Theo các tác giả Thế Nguyên, Diễm Châu và Đoàn Tường trong cuốn Đông Dương 1945/1973, trang 28: “Cả hai phái đoàn Quốc Gia Việt Nam và Hoa Kỳ đã không ký bất cứ một văn kiện nào của Hội Nghị Genève 1954”
Luật Sư Nguyễn Hữu Thống
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,
Geneva Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War,
75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances.
Article 2
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peace time, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.
Article 3
In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:
1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.
To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:
(a) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
(b) Taking of hostages;
(c) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment;
(d) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.
An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.
The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.
The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict.
Article 4
A. Prisoners of war, in the sense of the present Convention, are persons belonging to one of the following categories, who have fallen into the power of the enemy:
1. Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict as well as members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.
2. Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfil the following conditions:
(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
(c) That of carrying arms openly;
(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
3. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.
4. Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who shall provide them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model.
5. Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions of international law.
6. Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.
B. The following shall likewise be treated as prisoners of war under the present Convention:
1. Persons belonging, or having belonged, to the armed forces of the occupied country, if the occupying Power considers it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern them, even though it has originally liberated them while hostilities were going on outside the territory it occupies, in particular where such persons have made an unsuccessful attempt to rejoin the armed forces to which they belong and which are engaged in combat, or where they fail to comply with a summons made to them with a view to internment.
2. The persons belonging to one of the categories enumerated in the present Article, who have been received by neutral or non-belligerent Powers on their territory and whom these Powers are required to intern under international law, without prejudice to any more favourable treatment which these Powers may choose to give and with the exception of Articles 8, 10, 15, 30, fifth paragraph, 58-67, 92, 126 and, where diplomatic relations exist between the Parties to the conflict and the neutral or non-belligerent Power concerned, those Articles concerning the Protecting Power. Where such diplomatic relations exist, the Parties to a conflict on whom these persons depend shall be allowed to perform towards them the functions of a Protecting Power as provided in the present Convention, without prejudice to the functions which these Parties normally exercise in conformity with diplomatic and consular usage and treaties.
C. This Article shall in no way affect the status of medical personnel and chaplains as provided for in Article 33 of the present Convention.
Article 5
The present Convention shall apply to the persons referred to in Article 4 from the time they fall into the power of the enemy and until their final release and repatriation.
Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.
Article 6
In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10, 23, 28, 33, 60, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 109, 110, 118, 119, 122 and 132, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make separate provision. No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of prisoners of war, as defined by the present Convention, nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them.
Prisoners of war shall continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention is applicable to them, except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more favourable measures have been taken with regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the conflict.
Article 7
Prisoners of war may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the present Convention, and by the special agreements referred to in the foregoing Article, if such there be.
Article 8
The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the Protecting Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular staff, delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers. The said delegates shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their duties.
The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible the task of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers.
The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case exceed their mission under the present Convention. They shall, in particular, take account of the imperative necessities of security of the State wherein they carry out their duties.
Article 9
The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of prisoners of war and for their relief.
Article 10
The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present Convention.
When prisoners of war do not benefit or cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above, the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an organization, to undertake the functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the Parties to a conflict.
If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall request or shall accept, subject to the provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of a humanitarian organization, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention.
Any neutral Power or any organization invited by the Power concerned or offering itself for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be required to furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to discharge them impartially.
No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements between Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in its freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of military events, more particularly where the whole, or a substantial part, of the territory of the said Power is occupied.
Whenever in the present Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power, such mention applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article.
Article 11
In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the disagreement.
For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, -propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in particular of the authorities responsible for prisoners of war, possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen. The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict a person belonging to a neutral Power, or delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting.
PART II
GENERAL PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 12
Prisoners of war are in the hands of the enemy Power, but not of the individuals or military units who have captured them. Irrespective of the individual responsibilities that may exist, the Detaining Power is responsible for the treatment given them.
Prisoners of war may only be transferred by the Detaining Power to a Power which is a party to the Convention and after the Detaining Power has satisfied itself of the willingness and ability of such transferee Power to apply the Convention. When prisoners of war are transferred under such circumstances, responsibility for the application of the Convention rests on the Power accepting them while they are in its custody.
Nevertheless if that Power fails to carry out the provisions of the Convention in any important respect, the Power by whom the prisoners of war were transferred shall, upon being notified by the Protecting Power, take effective measures to correct the situation or shall request the return of the prisoners of war. Such requests must be complied with.
Article 13
Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated. Any unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a prisoner of war in its custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as a serious breach of the present Convention. In particular, no prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are not justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the prisoner concerned and carried out in his interest.
Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
Measures of reprisal against prisoners of war are prohibited.
Article 14
Prisoners of war are entitled in all circumstances to respect for their persons and their honour.
Women shall be treated with all the regard due to their sex and shall in all cases benefit by treatment as favourable as that granted to men.
Prisoners of war shall retain the full civil capacity which they enjoyed at the time of their capture. The Detaining Power may not restrict the exercise, either within or without its own territory, of the rights such capacity confers except in so far as the captivity requires.
Article 15
The Power detaining prisoners of war shall be bound to provide free of charge for their maintenance and for the medical attention required by their state of health.
Article 16
Taking into consideration the provisions of the present Convention relating to rank and sex, and subject to any privileged treatment which may be accorded to them by reason of their state of health, age or professional qualifications, all prisoners of war shall be treated alike by the Detaining Power, without any adverse distinction based on race, nationality, religious belief or political opinions, or any other distinction founded on similar criteria.
PART III
CAPTIVITY
SECTION I
BEGINNING OF CAPTIVITY
Article 17
Every prisoner of war, when questioned on the subject, is bound to give only his surname, first names and rank, date of birth, and army, regimental, personal or serial number, or failing this, equivalent information.
If he wilfully infringes this rule, he may render himself liable to a restriction of the privileges accorded to his rank or status.
Each Party to a conflict is required to furnish the persons under its jurisdiction who are liable to become prisoners of war, with an identity card showing the owner's surname, first names, rank, army, regimental, personal or serial number or equivalent information, and date of birth. The identity card may, furthermore, bear the signature or the fingerprints, or both, of the owner, and may bear, as well, any other information the Party to the conflict may wish to add concerning persons belonging to its armed forces. AS far as possible the card shall measure 6.5 x 10 cm. and shall be issued in duplicate. The identity card shall be shown by the prisoner of war upon demand, but may in no case be taken away from him.
No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion, may be inflicted on prisoners of war to secure from them information of any kind whatever. Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind.
Prisoners of war who, owing to their physical or mental condition, are unable to state their identity, shall be handed over to the medical service. The identity of such prisoners shall be established by all possible means, subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
The questioning of prisoners of war shall be carried out in a language which they understand.
Article 18
All effects and articles of personal use, except arms, horses, military equipment and military documents shall remain in the possession of prisoners of war, likewise their metal helmets and gas masks and like articles issued for personal protection. Effects and articles used for their clothing or feeding shall likewise remain in their possession, even if such effects and articles belong to their regulation military equipment.
At no time should prisoners of war be without identity documents. The Detaining Power shall supply such documents to prisoners of war who possess none.
Badges of rank and nationality, decorations and articles having above all a personal or sentimental value may not be taken from prisoners of war.
Sums of money carried by prisoners of war may not be taken away from them except by order of an officer, and after the amount and particulars of the owner have been recorded in a special register and an itemized receipt has been given, legibly inscribed with the name, rank and unit of the person issuing the said receipt. Sums in the currency of the Detaining Power, or which are changed into such currency at the prisoner's request, shall be placed to the credit of the prisoner's account as provided in Article 64.
The Detaining Power may withdraw articles of value from prisoners of war only for reasons of security; when such articles are withdrawn, the procedure laid down for sums of money impounded shall apply.
Such objects, likewise the sums taken away in any currency other than that of the Detaining Power and the conversion of which has not been asked for by the owners, shall be kept in the custody of the Detaining Power and shall be returned in their initial shape to prisoners of war at the end of their captivity.
Article 19
Prisoners of war shall be evacuated, as soon as possible after their capture, to camps situated in an area far enough from the combat zone for them to be out of danger.
Only those prisoners of war who, owing to wounds or sickness, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by remaining where they are, may be temporarily kept back in a danger zone.
Prisoners of war shall not be unnecessarily exposed to danger while awaiting evacuation from a fighting zone.
Article 20
The evacuation of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions similar to those for the forces of the Detaining Power in their changes of station.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who are being evacuated with sufficient food and potable water, and with the necessary clothing and medical attention. The Detaining Power shall take all suitable precautions to ensure their safety during evacuation, and shall establish as soon as possible a list of the prisoners of war who are evacuated. .;
If prisoners of war must, during evacuation, pass through transit camps, their stay in such camps shall be as brief as possible.
SECTION 11
INTERNMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Chapter I
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Article 21
The Detaining Power may subject prisoners of war to internment. It may impose on them the obligation of not leaving, beyond certain limits, the camp where they are interned, or if the said camp is fenced in, of not going outside its perimeter. Subject to the provisions of the present Convention relative to penal and disciplinary sanctions, prisoners of war may not be held in close confinement except where necessary to safeguard their health and then only during the continuation of the circumstances which make such confinement necessary.
Prisoners of war may be partially or wholly released on parole or promise, in so far as is allowed by the laws of the Power on which they depend. Such measures shall be taken particularly in cases where this may contribute to the improvement of their state of health. No prisoner of war shall be compelled to accept liberty on parole or promise.
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, each Party to the conflict shall notify the adverse Party of the laws and regulations allowing or forbidding its own nationals to accept liberty on parole or promise. Prisoners of war who are paroled or who have given their promise in conformity with the laws and regulations so notified, are bound on their personal honour scrupulously to fulfil, both towards the Power on which they depend and towards the Power which has captured them, the engagements of their paroles or promises. In such cases, the Power on which they depend is bound neither to require nor to accept from them any service incompatible with the parole or promise given.
Article 22
Prisoners of war may be interned only in premises located on land and affording every guarantee of hygiene and healthfulness. Except in particular cases which are justified by the interest of the prisoners themselves, they shall not be interned in penitentiaries.
Prisoners of war interned in unhealthy areas, or where the climate is injurious for them, shall be removed as soon as possible to a more favourable climate.
The Detaining Power shall assemble prisoners of war in camps or camp compounds according to their nationality, language and customs, provided that such prisoners shall not be separated from prisoners of war belonging to the armed forces with which they were serving at the time of their capture, except with their consent. Article 23
No prisoner of war may at any time be sent to or detained in areas where he may be exposed to the fire of the combat zone, nor may his presence be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations.
Prisoners of war shall have shelters against air bombardment and other hazards of war, to the same extent as the local civilian population. With the exception of those engaged in the protection of their quarters against the aforesaid hazards, they may enter such shelters as soon as possible after the giving of the alarm. Any other protective measure taken in favour of the population shall also apply to them.
Detaining Powers shall give the Powers concerned, through the intermediary of the Protecting Powers. all useful information regarding the geographical location of prisoner of war camps.
Whenever military considerations permit, prisoner of war camps shall be indicated in the day-time by the letters PW or PG, placed so as to be clearly visible from the air. The Powers concerned may, however, agree upon any other system of marking. Only prisoner of war camps shall be marked as such.
Article 24
Transit or screening camps of a permanent kind shall be fitted out under conditions similar to those described in the present Section, and the prisoners therein shall have the same treatment as in other camps.
Chapter II
QUARTERS FOOD AND CLOTHING OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 25
Prisoners of war shall be quartered under conditions as favourable as those for the forces of the Detaining Power who are billeted in the same area. The said conditions shall make allowance for the habits and customs of the prisoners and shall in no case be prejudicial to their health.
The foregoing provisions shall apply in particular to the dormitories of prisoners of war as regards both total surface and minimum cubic space, and the general installations, bedding and blankets.
The premises provided for the use of prisoners of war individually or collectively, shall be entirely protected from dampness and adequately heated and lighted, in particular between dusk and lights out. All precautions must be taken against the danger of fire.
In any camps in which women prisoners of war, as well as men, are accommodated, separate dormitories shall be provided for them.
Article 26
The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep prisoners of war in good health and to prevent loss of weight or the development of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall also be taken of the habitual diet of the prisoners.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who work with such additional rations as are necessary for the labour on which they are employed.
Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to prisoners of war. The use of tobacco shall be permitted.
Prisoners of war shall, as far as possible, be associated with the preparation of their meals; they may be employed for that purpose in the kitchens. Furthermore, they shall be given the means of preparing, themselves, the additional food in their possession.
Adequate premises shall be provided for messing.
Collective disciplinary measures affecting food are prohibited.
Article 27
Clothing, underwear and footwear shall be supplied to prisoners of war in sufficient quantities by the Detaining Power, which shall make allowance for the climate of the region where the prisoners are detained. Uniforms of enemy armed forces captured by the Detaining Power should, if suitable for the climate, be made available to clothe prisoners of war.
The regular replacement and repair of the above articles shall be assured by the Detaining Power. In addition, prisoners of war who work shall receive appropriate clothing, wherever the nature of the work demands.
Article 28
Canteens shall be installed in all camps, where prisoners of war may procure foodstuffs, soap and tobacco and ordinary articles in daily use. The tariff shall never be in excess of local market prices.
The profits made by camp canteens shall be used for the benefit of the prisoners; a special fund shall be created for this purpose. The prisoners' representative shall have the right to collaborate in the management of the canteen and of this fund.
When a camp is closed down, the credit balance of the special fund shall be handed to an international welfare organization, to be employed for the benefit of prisoners of war of the same nationality as those who have contributed to the fund. In case of a general repatriation, such profits shall be kept by the Detaining Power, subject to any agreement to the contrary between the Powers concerned.
Chapter III
HYGIENE AND MEDICAL ATTENTION
Article 29
The Detaining Power shall be bound to take all sanitary measures necessary to ensure the cleanliness and healthfulness of camps and to prevent epidemics.
Prisoners of war shall have for their use, day and night, conveniences which conform to the rules of hygiene and are maintained in a constant state of cleanliness. In any camps in which women prisoners of war are accommodated, separate conveniences shall be provided for them.
Also, apart from the baths and showers with which the camps shall be furnished, prisoners of war shall be provided with sufficient water and soap for their personal toilet and for washing their personal laundry; the necessary installations, facilities and time shall be granted them for that purpose.
Article 30
Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary where prisoners of war may have the attention they require, as well as appropriate diet. Isolation wards shall, if necessary, be set aside for cases of contagious or mental disease.
Prisoners of war suffering from serious disease, or whose condition necessitates special treatment, a surgical operation or hospital care, must be admitted to any military or civilian medical unit where such treatment can be given, even if their repatriation is contemplated in the near future. Special facilities shall be afforded for the care to be given to the disabled, in particular to the blind, and for their rehabilitation, pending repatriation.
Prisoners of war shall have the attention, preferably, of medical personnel of the Power on which they depend and, if possible, of their nationality.
Prisoners of war may not be prevented from presenting themselves to the medical authorities for examination. The detaining authorities shall, upon request, issue to every prisoner who has undergone treatment, an official certificate indicating the nature of his illness or injury, and the duration and kind of treatment received. A duplicate of this certificate shall be forwarded to the Central Prisoners of War Agency.
The costs of treatment, including those of any apparatus necessary for the maintenance of prisoners of war in good health, particularly dentures and other artificial appliances, and spectacles, shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
Article 31
Medical inspections of prisoners of war shall be held at least once a month. They shall include the checking and the recording of the weight of each prisoner of war. Their purpose shall be, in particular, to supervise the general state of health, nutrition and cleanliness of prisoners and to detect contagious diseases, especially tuberculosis, malaria and venereal disease. For this purpose the most efficient methods available shall be employed, e.g. periodic mass miniature radiography for the early detection of tuberculosis.
Article 32
Prisoners of war who, though not attached to the medical service of their armed forces, are physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses or medical orderlies, may be required by the Detaining Power to exercise their medical functions in the interests of prisoners of war dependent on the same Power. In that case they shall continue to be prisoners of war, but shall receive the same treatment as corresponding medical personnel retained by the Detaining Power. They shall be exempted from any other work under Article 49.
Chapter IV
MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND CHAPLAINS
RETAINED TO ASSIST PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 33
Members of the medical personnel and chaplains while retained by the Detaining Power with a view to assisting prisoners of war, shall not be considered as prisoners of war. They shall, however, receive as a minimum the benefits and protection of the present Convention, and shall also be granted all facilities necessary to provide for the medical care of, and religious ministration to prisoners of war.
They shall continue to exercise their medical and spiritual functions for the benefit of prisoners of war, preferably those belonging to the armed forces upon which they depend, within the scope of the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power and under the control of its competent services, in accordance with their professional etiquette. They shall also benefit by the following facilities in the exercise of their medical or spiritual functions:
(a) They shall be authorized to visit periodically prisoners of war situated in working detachments or in hospitals outside the camp. For this purpose, the Detaining Power shall place at their disposal the necessary means of transport.
(b) The senior medical officer in each camp shall be responsible to the camp military authorities for everything connected with the activities of retained medical personnel. For this purpose, Parties to the conflict shall agree at the outbreak of hostilities on the subject of the corresponding ranks of the medical personnel, including that of societies mentioned in Article 26 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949. This senior medical officer, as well as chaplains, shall have the right to deal with the competent authorities of the camp on all questions relating to their duties. Such authorities shall afford them all necessary facilities for correspondence relating to these questions.
(c) Although they shall be subject to the internal discipline of the camp in which they are retained, such personnel may not be compelled to carry out any work other than that concerned with their medical or religious duties.
During hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall agree concerning the possible relief of retained personnel and shall settle the procedure to be followed.
None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of its obligations with regard to prisoners of war from the medical or spiritual point of view.
Chapter V
RELIGIOUS INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Article 34
Prisoners of war shall enjoy complete latitude in the exercise of their religious duties, including attendance at the service of their faith, on condition that they comply with the disciplinary routine prescribed by the military authorities.
Adequate premises shall be provided where religious services may be held.
Article 35
Chaplains who fall into the hands of the enemy Power and who remain or are retained with a view to assisting prisoners of war, shall be allowed to minister to them and to exercise freely their ministry amongst prisoners of war of the same religion, in accordance with their religious conscience. They shall be allocated among the various camps and labour detachments containing prisoners of war belonging to the same forces. speaking the same language or practising the same religion. They shall enjoy the necessary facilities, including the means of transport provided for in Article 33, for visiting the prisoners of war outside their camp. They shall be free to correspond, subject to censorship, on matters concerning their religious duties with the ecclesiastical authorities in the country of detention and with international religious organizations. Letters and cards which they may send for this purpose shall be in addition to the quota provided for in Article 71.
Article 36
Prisoners of war who are ministers of religion, without having officiated as chaplains to their own forces, shall be at liberty, whatever their denomination, to minister freely to the members of their community. For this purpose, they shall receive the same treatment as the chaplains retained by the Detaining Power. They shall not be obliged to do any other work.
Article 37
When prisoners of war have not the assistance of a retained chaplain or of a prisoner of war minister of their faith, a minister belonging to the prisoners, or a similar denomination, or in his absence a qualified layman, if such a course is feasible from a confessional point of view, shall be appointed, at the request of the prisoners concerned, to fill this office. This appointment, subject to the approval of the Detaining Power, shall take place with the agreement of the community of prisoners concerned and, wherever necessary, with the approval of the local religious authorities of the same faith. The person thus appointed shall comply with all regulations established by the Detaining Power in the interests of discipline and military security.
Article 38
While respecting the individual preferences of every prisoner, the Detaining Power shall encourage the practice of intellectual, educational, and recreational pursuits, sports and games amongst prisoners, and shall take the measures necessary to ensure the exercise thereof by providing them with adequate premises and necessary equipment.
Prisoners shall have opportunities for taking physical exercise, including sports and games, and for being out of doors. Sufficient open spaces shall be provided for this purpose in all camps.
Chapter VI
DISCIPLINE
Article 39
Every prisoner of war camp shall be put under the immediate authority of a responsible commissioned officer belonging to the regular armed forces of the Detaining Power. Such officer shall have in his possession a copy of the present Convention; he shall ensure that its provisions are known to the camp staff and the guard and shall be responsible, under the direction of his government, for its application.
Prisoners of war, with the exception of officers, must salute and show to all officers of the Detaining Power the external marks of respect provided for by the regulations applying in their own forces.
Officer prisoners of war are bound to salute only officers of a higher rank of the Detaining Power; they must, however, salute the camp commander regardless of his rank.
Article 40
The wearing of badges of rank and nationality, as well as of decorations, shall be permitted.
Article 41
In every camp the text of the present Convention and its Annexes and the contents of any special agreement provided for in Article 6, shall be posted, in the prisoners' own language, at places where all may read them. Copies shall be supplied, on request, to the prisoners who cannot have access to the copy which has been posted.
Regulations, orders, notices and publications of every kind relating to the conduct of prisoners of war shall be issued to them in a language which they understand. Such regulations, orders and publications shall be posted in the manner described above and copies shall be handed to the prisoners' representative. Every order and command addressed to prisoners of war individually must likewise be given in a language which they understand.
Article 42
The use of weapons against prisoners of war, especially against those who are escaping or attempting to escape, shall constitute an extreme measure, which shall always be preceded by warnings appropriate to the circumstances.
Chapter VII
RANK OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 43
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall communicate to one another the titles and ranks of all the persons mentioned in Article 4 of the present Convention, in order to ensure equality of treatment between prisoners of equivalent rank. Titles and ranks which are subsequently created shall form the subject of similar communications.
The Detaining Power shall recognize promotions in rank which have been accorded to prisoners of war and which have been duly notified by the Power on which these prisoners depend.
Article 44
Officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the regard due to their rank and age.
In order to ensure service in officers' camps, other ranks of the same armed forces who, as far as possible, speak the same language, shall be assigned in sufficient numbers, account being taken of the rank of officers and prisoners of equivalent status. Such orderlies shall not be required to perform any other work.
Supervision of the mess by the officers themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
Article 45
Prisoners of war other than officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the regard due to their rank and age.
Supervision of the mess by the prisoners themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
Chapter VIII
TRANSFER OF PRISONERS OF WAR AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL IN CAMP
Article 46
The Detaining Power, when deciding upon the transfer of prisoners of war, shall take into account the interests of the prisoners themselves, more especially so as not to increase the difficulty of their repatriation.
The transfer of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions not less favourable than those under which the forces of the Detaining Power are transferred. Account shall always be taken of the climatic conditions to which the prisoners of war are accustomed and the conditions of transfer shall in no case be prejudicial to their health.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war during transfer with sufficient food and drinking water to keep them in good health, likewise with the necessary clothing, shelter and medical attention. The Detaining Power shall take adequate precautions especially in case of transport by sea or by air, to ensure their safety during transfer, and shall draw up a complete list of all transferred prisoners before their departure.
Article 47
Sick or wounded prisoners of war shall not be transferred as long as their recovery may be endangered by the journey, unless their safety imperatively demands it.
If the combat zone draws closer to a camp, the prisoners of war in the said camp shall not be transferred unless their transfer can be carried out in adequate conditions of safety, or if they are exposed to greater risks by remaining on the spot than by being transferred.
Article 48
In the event of transfer, prisoners of war shall be officially advised of their departure and of their new postal address. Such notifications shall be given in time for them to pack their luggage and inform their next of kin.
They shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and the correspondence and parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be limited, if the conditions of transfer so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry, which shall in no case be more than twenty-five kilograms per head.
Mail and parcels addressed to their former camp shall be forwarded to them without delay. The camp commander shall take, in agreement with the prisoners' representative, any measures needed to ensure the transport of the prisoners' community property and of the luggage they are unable to take with them in consequence of restrictions imposed by virtue of the second paragraph of this Article.
The costs of transfers shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
SECTION 111
LABOUR OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 49
The Detaining Power may utilize the labour of prisoners of war who are physically fit, taking into account their age, sex, rank and physical aptitude, and with a view particularly to maintaining them in a good state of physical and mental health.
Non-commissioned officers who are prisoners of war shall only be required to do supervisory work. Those not so required may ask for other suitable work which shall, so far as possible, be found for them.
If officers or persons of equivalent status ask for suitable work, it shall be found for them, so far as possible, but they may in no circumstances be compelled to work.
Article 50
Besides work connected with camp administration, installation or maintenance, prisoners of war may be compelled to do only such work as is included in the following classes:
(a) Agriculture;
(b) Industries connected with the production or the extraction of raw materials, and manufacturing industries, with the exception of metallurgical, machinery and chemical industries; public works and building operations which have no military character or purpose;
(c) Transport and handling of stores which are not military in character or purpose;
(d) Commercial business, and arts and crafts;
(e) Domestic service;
(f) Public utility services having no military character or purpose.
Should the above provisions be infringed, prisoners of war shall be allowed to exercise their right of complaint, in conformity with Article 78.
Article 51
Prisoners of war must be granted suitable working conditions, especially as regards accommodation, food, clothing and equipment; such conditions shall not be inferior to those enjoyed by nationals of the Detaining Power employed in similar work; account shall also be taken of climatic conditions.
The Detaining Power, in utilizing the labour of prisoners of war, shall en sure that in areas in which prisoners are employed, the national legislation concerning the protection of labour, and, more particularly, the regulations for the safety of workers, are duly applied.
Prisoners of war shall receive training and be provided with the means of protection suitable to the work they will have to do and similar to those accorded to the nationals of the Detaining Power. Subject to the provisions of Article 52, prisoners may be submitted to the normal risks run by these civilian workers.
Conditions of labour shall in no case be rendered more arduous by disciplinary measures.
Article 52
Unless he be a volunteer, no prisoner of war may be employed on labour which is of an unhealthy or dangerous nature.
No prisoner of war shall be assigned to labour which would be looked upon as humiliating for a member of the Detaining Power's own forces.
The removal of mines or similar devices shall be considered as dangerous labour.
Article 53
The duration of the daily labour of prisoners of war, including the time of the journey to and fro, shall not be excessive, and must in no case exceed that permitted for civilian workers in the district, who are nationals of the Detaining Power and employed on the same work.
Prisoners of war must be allowed, in the middle of the day's work, a rest of not less than one hour. This rest will be the same as that to which workers of the Detaining Power are entitled, if the latter is of longer duration. They shall be allowed in addition a rest of twenty-four consecutive hours every week, preferably on Sunday or the day of rest in their country of origin. Furthermore, every prisoner who has worked for one year shall be granted a rest of eight consecutive days, during which his working pay shall be paid him.
If methods of labour such as piece-work are employed, the length of the working period shall not be rendered excessive thereby.
Article 54
The working pay due to prisoners of war shall be fixed in accordance with the provisions of Article 62 of the present Convention.
Prisoners of war who sustain accidents in connection with work, or who contract a disease in the course, or in consequence of their work, shall receive all the care their condition may require. The Detaining Power shall furthermore deliver to such prisoners of war a medical certificate enabling them to submit their claims to the Power on which they depend, and shall send a duplicate to the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
Article 55
The fitness of prisoners of war for work shall be periodically verified by medical examinations at least once a month. The examinations shall have particular regard to the nature of the work which prisoners of war are required to do.
If any prisoner of war considers himself incapable of working, he shall be permitted to appear before the medical authorities of his camp. Physicians or surgeons may recommend that the prisoners who are, in their opinion, unfit for work, be exempted therefrom.
Article 56
The organization and administration of labour detachments shall be similar to those of prisoner of war camps.
Every labour detachment shall remain under the control of and administratively part of a prisoner of war camp. The military authorities and the commander of the said camp shall be responsible, under the direction of their government, for the observance of the provisions of the present Convention in labour detachments.
The camp commander shall keep an up-to-date record of the labour detachments dependent on his camp, and shall communicate it to the delegates of the Protecting Power, of the International Committee of the Red Cross, or of other agencies giving relief to prisoners of war, who may visit the camp.
Article 57
The treatment of prisoners of war who work for private persons, even if the latter are responsible for guarding and protecting them, shall not be inferior to that which is provided for by the present Convention. The Detaining Power, the military authorities and the commander of the camp to which such prisoners belong shall be entirely responsible for the maintenance, care, treatment, and payment of the working pay of such prisoners of war.
Such prisoners of war shall have the right to remain in communication with the prisoners' representatives in the camps on which they depend.
SECTION IV
FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 58
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, and pending an arrangement on this matter with the Protecting Power, the Detaining Power may determine the maximum amount of money in cash or in any similar form, that prisoners may have in their possession. Any amount in excess, which was properly in their possession and which has been taken or withheld from them, shall be placed to their account, together with any monies deposited by them, and shall not be converted into any other currency without their consent.
If prisoners of war are permitted to purchase services or commodities outside the camp against payment in cash, such payments shall be made by the prisoner himself or by the camp administration who will charge them to the accounts of the prisoners concerned. The Detaining Power will establish the necessary rules in this respect.
Article 59
Cash which was taken from prisoners of war, in accordance with Article 18, at the time of their capture, and which is in the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be placed to their separate accounts, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64 of the present Section.
The amounts, in the currency of the Detaining Power, due to the conversion of sums in other currencies that are taken from the prisoners of war at the same time, shall also be credited to their separate accounts.
Article 60
The Detaining Power shall grant all prisoners of war a monthly advance of pay, the amount of which shall be fixed by conversion, into the currency of the said Power, of the following amounts:
Category I: Prisoners ranking below sergeant: eight Swiss francs.
Category II: Sergeants and other non-commissioned officers, or prisoners of equivalent rank: twelve Swiss francs.
Category m: Warrant officers and commissioned officers below the rank of major or prisoners of equivalent rank: fifty Swiss francs.
Category IV: Majors, lieutenant-colonels, colonels or prisoners of equivalent rank: sixty Swiss francs.
Category V: General officers or prisoners of equivalent rank: seventy-five Swiss francs.
However, the Parties to the conflict concerned may by special agreement modify the amount of advances of pay due to prisoners of the preceding categories.
Furthermore, if the amounts indicated in the first paragraph above would be unduly high compared with the pay of the Detaining Power's armed forces or would, for any reason, seriously embarrass the Detaining Power, then, pending the conclusion of a special agreement with the Power on which the prisoners depend to vary the amounts indicated above, the Detaining Power:
(a) Shall continue to credit the accounts of the prisoners with the amounts indicated in the first paragraph above;
(b) May temporarily limit the amount made available from these advances of pay to prisoners of war for their own use, to sums which are reasonable , but which, for Category I, shall never be inferior to the amount that the Detaining Power gives to the members of its own armed forces.
The reasons for any limitations will be given without delay to the Protecting Power.
Article 61
The Detaining Power shall accept for distribution as supplementary pay to prisoners of war sums which the Power on which the prisoners depend may forward to them, on condition that the sums to be paid shall be the same for each prisoner of the same category, shall be payable to all prisoners of that category depending on that Power, and shall be placed in their separate accounts, at the earliest opportunity, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64. Such supplementary pay shall not relieve the Detaining Power of any obligation under this Convention.
Article 62
Prisoners of war shall be paid a fair working rate of pay by the detaining authorities direct. The rate shall be fixed by the said authorities, but shall at no time be less than one-fourth of one Swiss franc for a full working day. The Detaining Power shall inform prisoners of war, as well as the Power on which they depend, through the intermediary of the Protecting Power, of the rate of daily working pay that it has fixed.
Working pay shall likewise be paid by the detaining authorities to prisoners of war permanently detailed to duties or to a skilled or semi-skilled occupation in connection with the administration, installation or maintenance of camps, and to the prisoners who are required to carry out spiritual or medical duties on behalf of their comrades.
The working pay of the prisoners' representative, of his advisers, if any, and of his assistants, shall be paid out of the fund maintained by canteen profits. The scale of this working pay shall be fixed by the prisoners, representative and approved by the camp commander. If there is no such fund, the detaining authorities shall pay these prisoners a fair working rate of pay.
Article 63
Prisoners of war shall be permitted to receive remittances of money addressed to them individually or collectively.
Every prisoner of war shall have at his disposal the credit balance of his account as provided for in the following Article, within the limits fixed by the Detaining Power, which shall make such payments as are requested. Subject to financial or monetary restrictions which the Detaining Power regards as essential, prisoners of war may also have payments made abroad. In this case payments addressed by prisoners of war to dependants shall be given priority.
In any event, and subject to the consent of the Power on which they depend, prisoners may have payments made in their own country, as follows: the Detaining Power shall send to the aforesaid Power through the Protecting Power a notification giving all the necessary particulars concerning the prisoners of war, the beneficiaries of the payments, and the amount of the sums to be paid, expressed in the Detaining Power's currency. The said notification shall be signed by the prisoners and countersigned by the camp commander. The Detaining Power shall debit the prisoners' account by a corresponding amount; the sums thus debited shall be placed by it to the credit of the Power on which the prisoners depend.
To apply the foregoing provisions, the Detaining Power may usefully consult the Model Regulations in Annex V of the present Convention.
Article 64
The Detaining Power shall hold an account for each prisoner of war, showing at least the following:
1. The amounts due to the prisoner or received by him as advances of pay, as working pay or derived from any other source; the sums in the currency of the Detaining Power which were taken from him; the sums taken from him and converted at his request into the currency of the said Power.
2. The payments made to the prisoner in cash, or in any other similar form; the payments made on his behalf and at his request; the sums transferred under Article 63, third paragraph.
Article 65
Every item entered in the account of a prisoner of war shall be countersigned or initialled by him, or by the prisoners' representative acting on his behalf.
Prisoners of war shall at all times be afforded reasonable facilities for consulting and obtaining copies of their accounts, which may likewise be inspected by the representatives of the Protecting Powers at the time of visits to the camp.
When prisoners of war are transferred from one camp to another, their personal accounts will follow them. In case of transfer from one Detaining Power to another, the monies which are their property and are not in the currency of the Detaining Power will follow them. They shall be given certificates for any other monies standing to the credit of their accounts.
The Parties to the conflict concerned may agree to notify to each other at specific intervals through the Protecting Power, the amount of the accounts of the prisoners of war.
Article 66
On the termination of captivity, through the release of a prisoner of war or his repatriation, the Detaining Power shall give him a statement, signed by an authorized officer of that Power, showing the credit balance then due to him. The Detaining Power shall also send through the Protecting Power to the government upon which the prisoner of war depends, lists giving all appropriate particulars of all prisoners of war whose captivity has been terminated by repatriation, release, escape, death or any other means, and showing the amount of their credit balances. Such lists shall be certified on each sheet by an authorized representative of the Detaining Power.
Any of the above provisions of this Article may be varied by mutual agreement between any two Parties to the conflict.
The Power on which the prisoner of war depends shall be responsible for settling with him any credit balance due to him from the Detaining Power on the termination of his captivity.
Article 67
Advances of pay, issued to prisoners of war in conformity with Article 60, shall be considered as made on behalf of the Power on which they depend. Such advances of pay, as well as all payments made by the said Power under Article 63, third paragraph, and Article 68, shall form the subject of arrangements between the Powers concerned, at the close of hostilities.
Article 68
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of any injury or other disability arising out of work shall be referred to the Power on which he depends, through the Protecting Power. In accordance with Article 54, the Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner of war concerned with a statement showing the nature of the injury or disability, the circumstances in which it arose and particulars of medical or hospital treatment given for it. This statement will be signed by a responsible officer of the Detaining Power and the medical particulars certified by a medical officer.
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of personal effects, monies or valuables impounded by the Detaining Power under Article 18 and not forthcoming on his repatriation, or in respect of loss alleged to be due to the fault of the Detaining Power or any of its servants, shall likewise be referred to the Power on which he depends. Nevertheless, any such personal effects required for use by the prisoners of war whilst in captivity shall be replaced at the expense of the Detaining Power. The Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner of war with a statement, signed by a responsible officer, showing all available information regarding the reasons why such effects, monies or valuables have not been restored to him. A copy of this statement will be forwarded to the Power on which he depends through the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
SECTION V
RELATIONS OF PRISONERS OF WAR WITH THE EXTERIOR
Article 69
Immediately upon prisoners of war falling into its power, the Detaining Power shall inform them and the Powers on which they depend, through the Protecting Power, of the measures taken to carry out the provisions of the present Section. They shall likewise inform the parties concerned of any subsequent modifications of such measures.
Article 70
Immediately upon capture, or not more than one week after arrival at a camp, even if it is a transit camp, likewise in case of sickness or transfer to hospital or another camp, every prisoner of war shall be enabled to write direct to his family, on the one hand, and to the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, on the other hand, a card similar, if possible, to the model annexed to the present Convention, informing his relatives of his capture, address and state of health. The said cards shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible and may not be delayed in any manner.
Article 71
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards. If the Detaining Power deems it necessary to limit the number of letters and cards sent by each prisoner of war, the said number shall not be less than two letters and four cards monthly, exclusive of the capture cards provided for in Article 70, and conforming as closely as possible to the models annexed to the present Convention. Further limitations may be imposed only if the Protecting Power is satisfied that it would be in the interests of the prisoners of war concerned to do so owing to difficulties of translation caused by the Detaining Power's inability to find sufficient qualified linguists to carry out the necessary censorship. If limitations must be placed on the correspondence addressed to prisoners of war, they may be ordered only by the Power on which the prisoners depend, possibly at the request of the Detaining Power. Such letters and cards must be conveyed by the most rapid method at the disposal of the Detaining Power; they may not be delayed or retained for disciplinary reasons.
Prisoners of war who have been without news for a long period, or who are unable to receive news from their next of kin or to give them news by the ordinary postal route, as well as those who are at a great distance from their homes, shall be permitted to send telegrams, the fees being charged against the prisoners of war's accounts with the Detaining Power or paid in the currency at their disposal. They shall likewise benefit by-this measure in cases of urgency.
As a general rule, the correspondence of prisoners of war shall be written in their native language. The Parties to the conflict may allow correspondence in other languages.
Sacks containing prisoner of war mail must be securely sealed and labelled so as clearly to indicate their contents, and must be addressed to offices of destination.
Article 72
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to receive by post or by any other means individual parcels or collective shipments containing, in particular, foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies and articles of a religious, educational or recreational character which may meet their needs, including books, devotional articles, scientific equipment, examination papers, musical instruments, sports outfits and materials allowing prisoners of war to pursue their studies or their cultural activities.
Such shipments shall in no way free the Detaining Power from the obligations imposed upon it by virtue of the present Convention.
The only limits which may be placed on these shipments shall be those proposed by the Protecting Power in the interest of the prisoners themselves, or by the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to the prisoners, in respect of their own shipments only, on account of exceptional strain on transport or communications.
The conditions for the sending of individual parcels and collective relief shall, if necessary, be the subject of special agreements between the Powers concerned, which may in no case delay the receipt by the prisoners of relief supplies. Books may not be included in parcels of clothing and foodstuffs. Medical supplies shall, as a rule, be sent in collective parcels.
Article 73
In the absence of special agreements between the Powers concerned on the conditions for the receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments, the rules and regulations concerning collective shipments, which are annexed to the present Convention, shall be applied.
The special agreements referred to above shall in no case restrict the right of prisoners' representatives to take possession of collective relief shipments intended for prisoners of war, to proceed to their distribution or to dispose of them in the interest of the prisoners.
Nor shall such agreements restrict the right of representatives of the Protecting Power, the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to prisoners of war and responsible for the forwarding of collective shipments, to supervise their distribution to the recipients.
Article 74
All relief shipments for prisoners of war shall be exempt from import, customs and other dues.
Correspondence, relief shipments and authorized remittances of money addressed to prisoners of war or despatched by them through the post office, either direct or through the Information Bureaux provided for in Article 122 and the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, shall be exempt from any postal dues, both in the countries of origin and destination, and in intermediate countries.
If relief shipments intended for prisoners of war cannot be sent through the post office by reason of weight or for any other cause, the cost of transportation shall be borne by the Detaining Power in all the territories under its control. The other Powers party to the Convention shall bear the cost of transport in their respective territories.
In the absence of special agreements between the Parties concerned, the costs connected with transport of such shipments, other than costs covered by the above exemption, shall be charged to the senders. The High Contracting Parties shall endeavour to reduce, so far as possible, the rates charged for telegrams sent by prisoners of war, or addressed to them.
Article 75
Should military operations prevent the Powers concerned from fulfilling their obligation to assure the transport of the shipments referred to in Articles 70, 71, 72 and 77, the Protecting Powers concerned, the Inter national Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization duly approved by the Parties to the conflict may undertake to ensure the conveyance of such shipments by suitable means (railway wagons, motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft, etc.). For this purpose, the High Contracting Parties shall endeavour to supply them with such transport and to allow its circulation, especially by granting the necessary safe-conducts.
Such transport may also be used to convey:.
(a) Correspondence, lists and reports exchanged between the Central Information Agency referred to in Article 123 and the National Bureaux referred to in Article 122;
(b) Correspondence and reports relating to prisoners of war which the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other body assisting the prisoners, exchange either with their own delegates or with the Parties to the conflict.
These provisions in no way detract from the right of any Party to the conflict to arrange other means of transport, if it should so prefer, nor preclude the granting of safe-conducts, under mutually agreed conditions, to such means of transport.
In the absence of special agreements, the costs occasioned by the use of such means of transport shall be borne proportionally by the Parties to the conflict whose nationals are benefited thereby.
Article 76
The censoring of correspondence addressed to prisoners of war or despatched by them shall be done as quickly as possible. Mail shall be censored only by the despatching State and the receiving State, and once only by each.
The examination of consignments intended for prisoners of war shall not be carried out under conditions that will expose the goods contained in them to deterioration; except in the case of written or printed matter , it shall be done in the presence of the addressee, or of a fellow-prisoner duly delegated by him. The delivery to prisoners of individual or collective consignments shall not be delayed under the pretext of difficulties of censorship.
Any prohibition of correspondence ordered by Parties to the conflict, either for military or political reasons, shall be only temporary and its duration shall be as short as possible.
Article 77
The Detaining Powers shall provide all facilities for the transmission, through the Protecting Power or the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, of instruments, papers or documents intended for prisoners of war or despatched by them, especially powers of attorney and wills.
In all cases they shall facilitate the preparation and execution of such documents on behalf of prisoners of war; in particular, they shall allow them to consult a lawyer and shall take what measures are necessary for the authentication of their signatures.
SECTION VI
RELATIONS BETWEEN PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE AUTHORITIES
Chapter I
COMPLAINTS OF PRISONERS OF WAR
RESPECTING THE CONDITIONS OF CAPTIVITY
Article 78
Prisoners of war shall have the right to make known to the military authorities in whose power they are, their requests regarding the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected.
They shall also have the unrestricted right to apply to the representatives of the Protecting Powers either through their prisoners' representative or, if they consider it necessary, direct, in order to draw their attention to any points on which they may have complaints to make regarding their conditions of captivity.
These requests and complaints shall not be limited nor considered to be a part of the correspondence quota referred to in Article 71. They must be transmitted immediately. Even if they are recognized to be unfounded, they may not give rise to any punishment.
Prisoners' representatives may send periodic reports on the situation in the camps and the needs of the prisoners of war to the representatives of the Protecting Powers.
Chapter II
PRISONER OF WAR REPRESENTATIVES
Article 79
In all places where there are prisoners of war, except in those where there are officers, the prisoners shall freely elect by secret ballot, every six months, and also in case of vacancies, prisoners' representatives entrusted with representing them before the military authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and any other organization which may assist them. These prisoners' representatives shall be eligible for re-election.
In camps for officers and persons of equivalent status or in mixed camps, the senior officer among the prisoners of war shall be recognized as the camp prisoners' representative. In camps for officers, he shall be assisted by one or more advisers chosen by the officers; in mixed camps, his assistants shall be chosen from among the prisoners of war who are not officers and shall be elected by them.
Officer prisoners of war of the same nationality shall be stationed in labour camps for prisoners of war, for the purpose of carrying out the camp administration duties for which the prisoners of war are responsible. These officers may be elected as prisoners' representatives under the first paragraph of this Article. In such a case the assistants to the prisoners' representatives shall be chosen from among those prisoners of war who are not officers.
Every representative elected must be approved by the Detaining Power before he has the right to commence his duties. Where the Detaining Power refuses to approve a prisoner of war elected by his fellow prisoners of war, it must inform the Protecting Power of the reason for such refusal.
In all cases the prisoners' representative must have the same nationality, language and customs as the prisoners of war whom he represents. Thus, prisoners of war distributed in different sections of a camp, according to their nationality, language or customs, shall have for each section their own prisoners' representative, in accordance with the foregoing paragraphs.
Article 80
Prisoners' representatives shall further the physical, spiritual and intellectual well-being of prisoners of war.
In particular, where the prisoners decide to organize amongst themselves a system of mutual assistance, this organization will be within the province of the prisoners' representative, in addition to the special duties entrusted to him by other provisions of the present Convention.
Prisoners' representatives shall not be held responsible, simply by reason of their duties, for any offences committed by prisoners of war.
Article 81
Prisoners' representatives shall not be required to perform any other work, if the accomplishment of their duties is thereby made more difficult.
Prisoners' representatives may appoint from amongst the prisoners such assistants as they may require. All material facilities shall be granted them, particularly a certain freedom of movement necessary for the accomplishment of their duties (inspection of labour detachments, receipt of supplies, etc.).
Prisoners' representatives shall be permitted to visit premises where prisoners of war are detained, and every prisoner of war shall have the right to consult freely his prisoners' representative.
All facilities shall likewise be accorded to the prisoners' representatives for communication by post and telegraph with the detaining authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and their delegates, the Mixed Medical Commissions and with the bodies which give assistance to prisoners of war. Prisoners' representatives of labour detachments shall enjoy the same facilities for communication with the prisoners' representatives of the principal camp. Such communications shall not be restricted, nor considered as forming a part of the quota mentioned in Article 71.
Prisoners' representatives who are transferred shall be allowed a reasonable time to acquaint their successors with current affairs.
In case of dismissal, the reasons therefor shall be communicated to the Protecting Power.
Chapter III
PENAL AND DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS
I. General provisions
Article 82
A prisoner of war shall be subject to the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the Detaining Power; the Detaining Power shall be justified in taking judicial or disciplinary measures in respect of any offence committed by a prisoner of war against such laws, regulations or orders. However, no proceedings or punishments contrary to the provisions of this Chapter shall be allowed.
If any law, regulation or order of the Detaining Power shall declare acts committed by a prisoner of war to be punishable, whereas the same acts would not be punishable if committed by a member of the forces of the Detaining Power, such acts shall entail disciplinary punishments only.
Article 83
In deciding whether proceedings in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed by a prisoner of war shall be judicial or disciplinary, the Detaining Power shall ensure that the competent authorities exercise the greatest leniency and adopt, wherever possible, disciplinary rather than judicial measures.
Article 84
A prisoner of war shall be tried only by a military court, unless the existing laws of the Detaining Power expressly permit the civil courts to try a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power in respect of the particular offence alleged to have been committed by the prisoner of war.
In no circumstances whatever shall a prisoner of war be tried by a court of any kind which does not offer the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality as generally recognized, and, in particular, the procedure of which does not afford the accused the rights and means of defence provided for in Article 105.
Article 85
Prisoners of war prosecuted under the laws of the Detaining Power for acts committed prior to capture shall retain, even if convicted, the benefits of the present Convention.
Article 86
No prisoner of war may be punished more than once for the same act, or on the same charge.
Article 87
Prisoners of war may not be sentenced by the military authorities and courts of the Detaining Power to any penalties except those provided for in respect of members of the armed forces of the said Power who have committed the same acts.
When fixing the penalty, the courts or authorities of the Detaining Power shall take into consideration, to the widest extent possible, the fact that the accused, not being a national of the Detaining Power, is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance, and that he is in its power as the result of circumstances independent of his own will. The said courts or authorities shall be at liberty to reduce the penalty provided for the violation of which the prisoner of war is accused, and shall therefore not be bound to apply the minimum penalty prescribed.
Collective punishment for individual acts, corporal punishments, imprisonment in premises without daylight and, in general, any form of torture or cruelty, are forbidden.
No prisoner of war may be deprived of his rank by the Detaining Power, or prevented from wearing his badges.
Article 88
Officers, non-commissioned officers and men who are prisoners of war undergoing a disciplinary or judicial punishment, shall not be subjected to more severe treatment than that applied in respect of the same punishment to members of the armed forces of the Detaining Power of equivalent rank.
A woman prisoner of war shall not be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe, or treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a woman member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
In no case may a woman prisoner of war be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe, or treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a male member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
Prisoners of war who have served disciplinary or judicial sentences may not be treated differently from other prisoners of war.
II. Disciplinary sanctions
Article 89
The disciplinary punishments applicable to prisoners of war are the following:
1. A fine which shall not exceed 50 per cent of the advances of pay and working pay which the prisoner of war would otherwise receive under the provisions of Articles 60 and 62 during a period of not more than thirty days.
2. Discontinuance of privileges granted over and above the treatment provided for by the present Convention.
3. Fatigue duties not exceeding two hours daily.
4. Confinement.
The punishment referred to under (3) shall not be applied to officers.
In no case shall disciplinary punishments be inhuman, brutal or dangerous to the health of prisoners of war.
Article 90
The duration of any single punishment shall in no case exceed thirty days. Any period of confinement awaiting the hearing of a disciplinary offence or the award of disciplinary punishment shall be deducted from an award pronounced against a prisoner of war.
The maximum of thirty days provided above may not be exceeded, even if the prisoner of war is answerable for several acts at the same time when he is awarded punishment, whether such acts are related or not.
The period between the pronouncing of an award of disciplinary punishment and its execution shall not exceed one month.
When a prisoner of war is awarded a further disciplinary punishment, a period of at least three days shall elapse between the execution of any two of the punishments, if the duration of one of these is ten days or more.
Article 91
The escape of a prisoner of war shall be deemed to have succeeded when:
1. He has joined the armed forces of the Power on which he depends, or those of an allied Power;
2. He has left the territory under the control of the Detaining Power, or of an ally of the said Power;
3. He has joined a ship flying the flag of the Power on which he depends, or of an allied Power, in the territorial waters of the Detaining Power, the said ship not being under the control of the last named Power.
Prisoners of war who have made good their escape in the sense of this Article and who are recaptured, shall not be liable to any punishment in respect of their previous escape.
Article 92
A prisoner of war who attempts to escape and is recaptured before having made good his escape in the sense of Article 91 shall be liable only to a disciplinary punishment in respect of this act, even if it is a repeated offence.
A prisoner of war who is recaptured shall be handed over without delay to the competent military authority.
Article 88, fourth paragraph, notwithstanding, prisoners of war punished as a result of an unsuccessful escape may be subjected to special surveillance. Such surveillance must not affect the state of their health, must be undergone in a prisoner of war camp, and must not entail the suppression of any of the safeguards granted them by the present Convention.
Article 93
Escape or attempt to escape, even if it is a repeated offence, shall not be deemed an aggravating circumstance if the prisoner of war is subjected to trial by judicial proceedings in respect of an offence committed during his escape or attempt to escape.
In conformity with the principle stated in Article 83, offences committed by prisoners of war with the sole intention of facilitating their escape and which do not entail any violence against life or limb, such as offences against public property, theft without intention of self-enrichment, the drawing up or use of false papers, the wearing of civilian clothing, shall occasion disciplinary punishment only.
Prisoners of war who aid or abet an escape or an attempt to escape shall be liable on this count to disciplinary punishment only.
Article 94
If an escaped prisoner of war is recaptured, the Power on which he depends shall be notified thereof in the manner defined in Article 122, provided notification of his escape has been made.
Article 95
A prisoner of war accused of an offence against discipline shall not be kept in confinement pending the hearing unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power would be so kept if he were accused of a similar offence , or if it is essential in the interests of camp order and discipline.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting the disposal of an offence against discipline shall be reduced to an absolute minimum and shall not exceed fourteen days.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to prisoners of war who are in confinement awaiting the disposal of offences against discipline.
Article 96
Acts which constitute offences against discipline shall be investigated immediately.
Without prejudice to the competence of courts and superior military authorities, disciplinary punishment may be ordered only by an officer having disciplinary powers in his capacity as camp commander, or by a responsible officer who replaces him or to whom he has delegated his disciplinary powers.
In no case may such powers be delegated to a prisoner of war or be exercised by a prisoner of war.
Before any disciplinary award is pronounced, the accused shall be given precise information regarding the offences of which he is accused, and given an opportunity of explaining his conduct and of defending himself. He shall be permitted, in particular, to call witnesses and to have recourse, if necessary, to the services of a qualified interpreter. The decision shall be announced to the accused prisoner of war and to the prisoners' representative.
A record of disciplinary punishments shall be maintained by the camp commander and shall be open to inspection by representatives of the Protecting Power.
Article 97
Prisoners of war shall not in any case be transferred to penitentiary establishments (prisons, penitentiaries, convict prisons, etc.) to undergo disciplinary punishment therein.
All premises in which disciplinary punishments are undergone shall conform to the sanitary requirements set forth in Article 25. A prisoner of war undergoing punishment shall be enabled to keep himself in a state of cleanliness, in conformity with Article 29.
Officers and persons of equivalent status shall not be lodged in the same quarters as non-commissioned officers or men.
Women prisoners of war undergoing disciplinary punishment shall be confined in separate quarters from male prisoners of war and shall be under the immediate supervision of women.
Article 98
A prisoner of war undergoing confinement as a disciplinary punishment, shall continue to enjoy the benefits of the provisions of this Convention except in so far as these are necessarily rendered inapplicable by the mere fact that he is confined. In no case may he be deprived of the benefits of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126.
A prisoner of war awarded disciplinary punishment may not be deprived of the prerogatives attached to his rank.
Prisoners of war awarded disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to exercise and to stay in the open air at least two hours daily.
They shall be allowed, on their request, to be present at the daily medical inspections. They shall receive the attention which their state of health requires and, if necessary, shall be removed to the camp infirmary or to a hospital.
They shall have permission to read and write, likewise to send and receive letters. Parcels and remittances of money, however, may be withheld from them until the completion of the punishment; they shall meanwhile be entrusted to the prisoners' representative, who will hand over to the infirmary the perishable goods contained in such parcels. m. Judicial proceedings
Article 99
No prisoner of war may be tried or sentenced for an act which is not forbidden by the law of the Detaining Power or by international law, in force at the time the said act was committed.
No moral or physical coercion may be exerted on a prisoner of war in order to induce him to admit himself guilty of the act of which he is accused.
No prisoner of war may be convicted without having had an opportunity to present his defence and the assistance of a qualified advocate or counsel.
Article 100
Prisoners of war and the Protecting Powers shall be informed as soon as possible of the offences which are punishable by the death sentence under the laws of the Detaining Power.
Other offences shall not thereafter be made punishable by the death penalty without the concurrence of the Power upon which the prisoners of war depend.
The death sentence cannot be pronounced on a prisoner of war unless the attention of the court has, in accordance with Article 87, second paragraph, been particularly called to the fact that since the accused is not a national of the Detaining Power, he is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance, and that he is in its power as the result of circumstances independent of his own will.
Article 101
If the death penalty is pronounced on a prisoner of war, the sentence shall not be executed before the expiration of a period of at least six months from the date when the Protecting Power receives, at an indicated address, the detailed communication provided for in Article 107.
Article 102
A prisoner of war can be validly sentenced only if the sentence has been pronounced by the same courts according to the same procedure as in the case of members of the armed forces of the Detaining Power, and if, furthermore, the provisions of the present Chapter have been observed.
Article 103
Judicial investigations relating to a prisoner of war shall be conducted as rapidly as circumstances permit and so that his trial shall take place as soon as possible. A prisoner of war shall not be confined while awaiting trial unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power would be so confined if he were accused of a similar offence, or if it is essential to do so in the interests of national security. In no circumstances shall this confinement exceed three months.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting trial shall be deducted from any sentence of imprisonment passed upon him and taken into account in fixing any penalty.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to a prisoner of war whilst in confinement awaiting trial.
Article 104
In any case in which the Detaining Power has decided to institute judicial proceedings against a prisoner of war, it shall notify the Protecting Power as soon as possible and at least three weeks before the opening of the trial. This period of three weeks shall run as from the day on which such notification reaches the Protecting Power at the address previously indicated by the latter to the Detaining Power.
The said notification shall contain the following information:
1. Surname and first names of the prisoner of war, his rank, his army, regimental, personal or serial number, his date of birth, and his profession or trade, if any;
2. Place of internment or confinement;
3. Specification of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned, giving the legal provisions applicable;
4 . Designation of the court which will try the case, like wise the date and place fixed for the opening of the trial.
The same communication shall be made by the Detaining Power to the prisoners' representative.
If no evidence is submitted, at the opening of a trial, that the notification referred to above was received by the Protecting Power, by the prisoner of war and by the prisoners' representative concerned, at least three weeks before the opening of the trial, then the latter cannot take place and must be adjourned.
Article 105
The prisoner of war shall be entitled to assistance by one of his prisoner comrades, to defence by a qualified advocate or counsel of his own choice, to the calling of witnesses and, if he deems necessary, to the services of a competent interpreter. He shall be advised of these rights by the Detaining Power in due time before the trial.
Failing a choice by the prisoner of war, the Protecting Power shall find him an advocate or counsel, and shall have at least one week at its disposal for the purpose. The Detaining Power shall deliver to the said Power, on request, a list of persons qualified to present the defence. Failing a choice of an advocate or counsel by the prisoner of war or the Protecting Power, the Detaining Power shall appoint a competent advocate or counsel to conduct the defence.
The advocate or counsel conducting the defence on behalf of the prisoner of war shall have at his disposal a period of two weeks at least before the opening of the trial, as well as the necessary facilities to prepare the defence of the accused. He may, in particular, freely visit the accused and interview him in private. He may also confer with any witnesses for the defence, including prisoners of war. He shall have the benefit of these facilities until the term of appeal or petition has expired.
Particulars of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned, as well as the documents which are generally communicated to the accused by virtue of the laws in force in the armed forces of the Detaining Power, shall be communicated to the accused prisoner of war in a language which he understands, and in good time before the opening of the trial. The same communication in the same circumstances shall be made to the advocate or counsel conducting the defence on behalf of the prisoner of war.
The representatives of the Protecting Power shall be entitled to attend the trial of the case, unless, exceptionally, this is held in camera in the interest of State security. In such a case the Detaining Power shall advise the Protecting Power accordingly.
Article 106
Every prisoner of war shall have, in the same manner as the members of the arrned forces of the Detaining Power, the right of appeal or petition from any sentence pronounced upon him, with a view to the quashing or revising of the sentence or the reopening of the trial. He shall be fully informed of his right to appeal or petition and of the time limit within which he may do so.
Article 107
Any judgment and sentence pronounced upon a prisoner of war shall be immediately reported to the Protecting Power in the form of a surnrnary communication, which shall also indicate whether he has the right of appeal with a view to the quashing of the sentence or the reopening of the trial. This comrnunication shall likewise be sent to the prisoners' representative concerned. It shall also be sent to the accused prisoner of war in a language he understands, if the sentence was not pronounced in his presence. The Detaining Power shall also immediately communicate to the Protecting Power the decision of the prisoner of war to use or to waive his right of appeal.
Furthermore, if a prisoner of war is finally convicted or if a sentence pronounced on a prisoner of war in the first instance is a death sentence, the Detaining Power shall as soon as possible address to the Protecting Power a detailed communication containing:
1. The precise wording of the finding and sentence;
2. A summarized report of any preliminary investigation and of the trial, emphasizing in particular the elements of the prosecution and the defence;
3. Notification, where applicable, of the establishment where the sentence will be served.
The communications provided for in the foregoing subparagraphs shall be sent to the Protecting Power at the address previously made known to the Detaining Power.
Article 108
Sentences pronounced on prisoners of war after a conviction has become duly enforceable, shall be served in the same establishments and under the same conditions as in the case of members of the arrned forces of the Detaining Power. These conditions shall in all cases conform to the requirements of health and humanity.
A woman prisoner of war on whom such a sentence has been pronounced shall be confined in separate quarters and shall be under the supervision of women.
In any case, prisoners of war sentenced to a penalty depriving them of their liberty shall retain the benefit of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126 of the present Convention. Furthermore, they shall be entitled to receive and despatch correspondence, to receive at least one relief parcel monthly, to take regular exercise in the open air, to have the medical care required by their state of health, and the spiritual assistance they may desire. Penalties to which they may be subjected shall be in accordance with the provisions of Article 87, third paragraph.
PART IV
TERMINATION OF CAPTIVITY
SECTION I
DIRECT REPATRIATION AND ACCOMMODATION IN NEUTRAL COUNTRIES
Article 109
Subject to the provisions of the third paragraph of this Article, Parties to the conflict are bound to send back to their own country, regardless of number or rank, seriously wounded and seriously sick prisoners of war, after having cared for them until they are fit to travel, in accordance with the first paragraph of the following Article.
Throughout the duration of hostilities, Parties to the conflict shall endeavour, with the cooperation of the neutral Powers concerned, to make arrangements for the accommodation in neutral countries of the sick and wounded prisoners of war referred to in the second paragraph of the following Article. They may, in addition, conclude agreements with a view to the direct repatriation or internment in a neutral country of able-bodied prisoners of war who have undergone a long period of captivity.
No sick or injured prisoner of war who is eligible for repatriation under the first paragraph of this Article, may be repatriated against his will during hostilities.
Article 110
The following shall be repatriated direct:
1. Incurably wounded and sick whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely diminished.
2. Wounded and sick who, according to medical opinion, are not likely to recover within one year, whose condition requires treatment and whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely diminished.
3. Wounded and sick who have recovered, but whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely and pemmanently diminished.
The following may be accommodated in a neutral country:
1. Wounded and sick whose recovery may be expected within one year of the date of the wound or the beginning of the illness, if treatment in a neutral country might increase the prospects of a more certain and speedy recovery.
2. Prisoners of war whose mental or physical health, according to medical opinion, is seriously threatened by continued captivity, but whose accommodation in a neutral country might remove such a threat.
The conditions which prisoners of war accommodated in a neutral country must fulfil in order to permit their repatriation shall be fixed, as shall likewise their status, by agreement between the Powers concemed. In general, prisoners of war who have been accommodated in a neutral country, and who belong to the following categories, should be repatriated:
1. Those whose state of health has deteriorated so as to fulfil the conditions laid down for direct repatriation;
2. Those whose mental or physical powers remain, even after treatment, considerably impaired.
If no special agreements are concluded between the Parties to the conflict concemed, to detemmine the cases of disablement or sickness entailing direct repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country, such cases shall be settled in accordance with the principles laid down in the Model Agreement conceming direct repatriation and accommodation in neutral countries of wounded and sick prisoners of war and in the Regulations conceming Mixed Medical Commissions annexed to the present Convention.
Article 111
The Detaining Power, the Power on which the prisoners of war depend, and a neutral Power agreed upon by these two Powers, shall endeavour to conclude agreements which will enable prisoners of war to be interned in the territory of the said neutral Power until the close of hostilities.
Article 112
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, Mixed Medical Commissions shall be appointed to examine sick and wounded prisoners of war, and to make all appropriate decisions regarding them. The appointment, duties and functioning of these Commissions shall be in conformity with the provisions of the Regulations annexed to the present Convention.
However, prisoners of war who, in the opinion of the medical authorities of the Detaining Power, are manifestly seriously injured or seriously sick, may be repatriated without having to be examined by a Mixed Medical Commission.
Article 113
Besides those who are designated by the medical authorities of the Detaining Power, wounded or sick prisoners of war belonging to the categories listed below shall be entitled to present themselves for examination by the Mixed Medical Commissions provided for in the foregoing Article:
1. Wounded and sick proposed by a physician or surgeon who is of the same nationality, or a national of a Party to the conflict allied with the Power on which the said prisoners depend, and who exercises his functions in the camp.
2. Wounded and sick proposed by their prisoners' representative.
3. Wounded and sick proposed by the Power on which they depend, or by an organization du ly recognized by the said Power and giv ing as s i stance to the prisoners.
Prisoners of war who do not belong to one of the three foregoing categories may nevertheless present themselves for examination by Mixed Medical Commissions, but shall be examined only after those belonging to the said categories.
The physician or surgeon of the same nationality as the prisoners who present themselves for examination by the Mixed Medical Commission, likewise the prisoners' representative of the said prisoners, shall have permission to be present at the examination.
Article 114
Prisoners of war who meet with accidents shall, unless the injury is self-inflicted, have the benefit of the provisions of this Convention as regards repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country.
Articie 115
No prisoner of war on whom a disciplinary punishment has been imposed and who is eligible for repatriati on or for accommodation in a ne utral country, may be kept back on the plea that he has not undergone his punishment.
Prisoners of war detained in c on necti on with a j udicial prosec uti on or conviction and who are designated for repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country, may benefit by such measures before the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment, if the Detaining Power consents.
Parties to the conflict shall communicated to each other the names of those who will be detained until the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment.
Article 116
The costs of repatriating prisoners of war or of transporting them to a neutral country shall be borne, from the frontiers of the Detaining Power, by the Power on which the said prisoners depend.
Articie 117
No repatriated person may be employed on active military service.
SECTION 11
RELEASE AND REPATRIATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
AT THE CLOSE OF HOSTILITIES
Article 118
Prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities.
In the absence of stipulations to the above effect in any agreement concluded between the Parties to the conflict with a view to the cessation of hostilities, or failing any such agreement, each of the Detaining Powers shall itself establish and execute without delay a plan of repatriation in conformity with the principle laid down in the foregoing paragraph.
In either case, the measures adopted shall be brought to the knowledge of the prisoners of war.
The costs of repatriation of prisoners of war shall in all cases be equitably apportioned between the Detaining Power and the Power on which the prisoners depend. This apportionment shall be carried out on the following basis:
(a) If the two Powers are contigu ou s , the Power on wh ich the prisoners of war depend shall bear the costs of repatriation from the frontiers of the Detaining Power.
(b) If the two Powers are not contiguous, the Detaining Power shall bear the costs of transport of prisoners of war over its own territory as far as its frontier or its port of embarkation nearest to the territory of the Power on which the prisoners of war depend. The Parties concerned shall agree between themselves as to the equitable apportionment of the remaining costs of the repatriation. The conclusion of this agreement shall in no circumstances justify any delay in the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
Article 119
Repatriation shall be effected in conditions similar to those laid down in Articles 46 to 48 inclusive of the present Convention for the transfer of prisoners of war, having regard to the provisions of Article 118 and to those of the following paragraphs.
On repatriation, any articles of value impounded from prisoners of war under Article 18, and any foreign currency which has not been converted into the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be restored to them. Articles of value and foreign currency which, for any reason whatever, are not restored to prisoners of war on repatriation, shall be despatched to the Information Bureau set up under Article 122.
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and any correspondence and parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be limited, if the conditions of repatriation so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry. Each prisoner shall in all cases be authorized to carry at least twenty-five kilograms.
The other personal effects of the repatriated prisoner shall be left in the charge of the Detaining Power which shall have them forwarded to him as soon as it has concluded an agreement to this effect, regulating the conditions of transport and the payment of the costs involved, with the Power on which the prisoner depends.
Prisoners of war against whom criminal proceedings for an indictable offence are pending may be detained until the end of such proceedings, and, if necessary, until the completion of the punishment. The same shall apply to, prisoners of war already convicted for an indictable offence.
Parties to the conflict shall communicate to each other the names of any prisoners of war who are detained until the end of the proceedings or until punishment has been completed. By agreement between the Parties to the conflict, commissions shall be established for the purpose of searching for dispersed prisoners of war and of assuring their repatriation with the least possible delay.
SECTION 111
DEATH OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 120
Wills of prisoners of war shall be drawn up so as to satisfy the conditions of validity required by the legislation of their country of origin, which will take steps to inform the Detaining Power of its requirements in this respect. At the request of the prisoner of war and, in all cases, after death, the will shall be transmitted without delay to the Protecting Power; a certified copy shall be sent to the Central Agency.
Death certificates in the form annexed to the present Convention, or lists certified by a responsible officer, of all persons who die as prisoners of war shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible to the Prisoner of War Information Bureau established in accordance with Article 122. The death certificates or certified lists shall show particulars of identity as set out in the third paragraph of Article 17, and also the date and place of death, the cause of death, the date and place of burial and all particulars necessary to identify the graves.
The burial or cremation of a prisoner of war shall be preceded by a medical examination of the body with a view to confirming death and enabling a report to be made and, where necessary, establishing identity.
The detaining authorities shall ensure that prisoners of war who have died in captivity are honourably buried, if possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged, and that their graves are respected, suitably maintained and marked so as to be found at any time. Wherever possible, deceased prisoners of war who depended on the same Power shall be interred in the same place.
Deceased prisoners of war shall be buried in individual graves unless unavoidable circumstances require the use of collective graves. Bodies may be cremated only for imperative reasons of hygiene, on account of the religion of the deceased or in accordance with his express wish to this effect. In case of cremation, the fact shall be stated and the reasons given in the death certificate of the deceased.
In order that graves may always be found, all particulars of burials and graves shall be recorded with a Graves Registration Service established by the Detaining Power. Lists of graves and particulars of the prisoners of war interred in cemeteries and elsewhere shall be transmitted to the Power on which such prisoners of war depended. Responsibility for the care of these graves and for records of any subsequent moves of the bodies shall rest on the Power controlling the territory, if a Party to the present Convention. These provisions shall also apply to the ashes, which shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper disposal thereof in accordance with the wishes of the home country.
Article 121
Every death or serious injury of a prisoner of war caused or suspected to have been caused by a sentry, another prisoner of war, or any other person, as well as any death the cause of which is unknown, shall be immediately followed by an official enquiry by the Detaining Power.
A communication on this subject shall be sent immediately to the Protecting Power. Statements shall be taken from witnesses, especially from those who are prisoners of war, and a report including such statements shall be forwarded to the Protecting Power.
If the enquiry indicates the guilt of one or more persons, the Detaining Power shall take all measures for the prosecution of the person or persons responsible.
PART V
INFORMATION BUREAUX AND RELIEF SOCIETIES
FOR PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 122
Upon the outbreak of a conflict and in all cases of occupation, each of the Parties to the conflict shall institute an official Information Bureau for prisoners of war who are in its power. Neutral or non-belligerent Powers who may have received within their territory persons belonging to one of the categories referred to in Article 4, shall take the same action with respect to such persons. The Power concerned shall ensure that the Prisoners of War Information Bureau is provided with the necessary accommodation, equipment and staff to ensure its efficient working. It shall be at liberty to employ prisoners of war in such a Bureau under the conditions laid down in the Section of the present Convention dealing with work by prisoners of war.
Within the shortest possible period, each of the Parties to the conflict shall give its Bureau the information referred to in the fourth, fifth and sixth paragraphs of this Article regarding any enemy person belonging to one of the categories referred to in Article 4, who has fallen into its power. Neutral or non-belligerent Powers shall take the same action with regard to persons belonging to such categories whom they have received within their territory.
The Bureau shall immediately forward such information by the most rapid means to the Powers concemed, through the intermediary of the Protecting Powers and likewise of the Central Agency provided for in Article 123.
This information shall make it possible quickly to advise the next of kin concerned. Subject to the provisions of Article 17, the information shall include, in so far as available to the Information Bureau, in respect of each prisoner of war, his surname, first names, rank, army, regimental, personal or serial number, place and full date of birth, indication of the Power on which he depends, first name of the father and maiden name of the mother, name and address of the person to be informed and the address to which correspondence for the prisoner may be sent.
The Information Bureau shall receive from the various departments concerned inforrnation regarding transfers, releases, repatriations, escapes, admissions to hospital, and deaths, and shall transmit such information in the manner described in the third paragraph above.
Likewise, information regarding the state of health of prisoners of war who are seriously ill or seriously wounded shall be supplied regularly, every week if possible.
The Information Bureau shall also be responsible for replying to all enquiries sent to it concerning prisoners of war, including those who have died in captivity; it will make any enquiries necessary to obtain the information which is asked for if this is not in its possession.
All written communications made by the Bureau shall be authenticated by a signature or a seal.
The Information Bureau shall furthermore be charged with collecting all personal valuables, including sums in currencies other than that of the Detaining Power and documents of importance to the next of kin, left by prisoners of war who have been repatriated or released, or who have escaped or died, and shall forward the said valuables to the Powers concerned. Such articles shall be sent by the Bureau in sealed packets which shall be accompanied by statements giving clear and full particulars of the identity of the person to whom the articles of the parcel. Other personal effects of such prisoners of war shall be transmitted under arrangements agreed upon between the Parties to the conflict concerned.
Article 123
A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency shall be created in a neutral country. The International Committee of the Red Cross shall, if it deems necessary, propose to the Powers concerned the organization of such an Agency.
The function of the Agency shall be to collect all the information it may obtain through official or private channels respecting prisoners of war, and to transmit it as rapidly as possible to the country of origin of the prisoners of war or to the Power on which they depend. It shall receive from the Parties to the conflict all facilities for effecting such transmissions.
The High Contracting Parties, and in particular those whose nationals benefit by the services of the Central Agency, are requested to give the said Agency the financial aid it may require.
The foregoing provisions shall in no way be interpreted as restricting the humanitarian activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross, or of the relief Societies provided for in Article 125.
Article 124
The national Information Bureaux and the Central Information Agency shall enjoy free postage for mail, likewise all the exemptions provided for in Article 74, and further, so far as possible, exemption from telegraphic charges or, at least, greatly reduced rates.
Article 125
Subject to the measures which the Detaining Powers may consider essential to ensure their security or to meet any other reasonable need, the representatives of religious organizations, relief societies, or any other organization assisting prisoners of war, shall receive from the said Powers, for themselves and their duly accredited agents, all necessary facilities for visiting the prisoners, distributing relief supplies and material, from any source, intended for religious, educational or recreative purposes, and for assisting them in organizing their leisure time within the camps. Such societies or organizations may be constituted in the territory of the Detaining Power or in any other country, or they may have an international character.
The Detaining Power may limit the number of societies and organizations whose delegates are allowed to carry out their activities in its territory and under its supervision, on condition, however, that such limitation shall not hinder the effective operation of adequate relief to all prisoners of war.
The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field shall be recognized and respected at all times.
As soon as relief supplies or material intended for the above mentioned purposes are handed over to prisoners of war, or very shortly afterwards, receipts for each consignment, signed by the prisoners' representative, shall be forwarded to the relief society or organization making the shipment. At the same time, receipts for these consignments shall be supplied by the administrative authorities responsible for guarding the prisoners.
PART VI
EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTION
SECTION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 126
Representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have permission to go to all places where prisoners of war may be, particularly to places of internment, imprisonment and labour, and shall have access to all premises occupied by prisoners of war; they shall also be allowed to go to the places of departure, passage and arrival of prisoners who are being transferred. They shall be able to interview the prisoners, and in particular the prisoners' representatives, without witnesses, either personally or through an interpreter.
Representatives and delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have full liberty to select the places they wish to visit. The duration and frequency of these visits shall not be restricted. Visits may not be prohibited except for reasons of imperative military necessity, and then only as an exceptional and temporary measure.
The Detaining Power and the Power on which the said prisoners of war depend may agree, if necessary, that compatriots of these prisoners of war be permitted to participate in the visits.
The delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross shall enjoy the same prerogatives. The appointment of such delegates shall be submitted to the approval of the Power detaining the prisoners of war to be visited.
Article 127
The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of war, to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as possible in their respective countries, and, in particular, to include the study thereof in their programmes of military and, if possible, civil instruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to all their armed forces and to the entire population.
Any military or other authorities, who in time of war assume responsibilities in respect of prisoners of war, must possess the text of the Convention and be specially instructed as to its provisions.
Article 128
The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council and, during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers, the official translations of the present Convention, as well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application thereof.
Article 129
The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article.
Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, such grave breaches, and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case.
Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the suppression of all acts contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other than the grave breaches defined in the following Article.
In all circumstances, the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper trial and defence, which shall not be less favourable than those provided by Article 105 and those following of the present Convention.
Article 130
Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the following acts, if committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of the hostile Power, or wilfully depriving a prisoner of war of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed in this Convention.
Article 131
No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or any other High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself or by another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches referred to in the preceding Article.
Article 132
At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry shall be instituted, in a manner to be decided between the interested Parties, concerning any alleged violation of the Convention.
If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry, the Parties should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon the procedure to be followed.
Once the violation has been established, the Parties to the conflict shall put an end to it and shall repress it with the least possible delay.
SECTION 11
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 133
The present Convention is established in English and in French. Both texts are equally authentic. The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish languages.
Article 134
The present Convention replaces the Convention of 27 July 1929, in relations between the High Contracting Parties.
Article 135
In the relations between the Powers which are bound by The Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907, and which are parties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be complementary to Chapter II of the Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of The Hague.
Article 136
The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to signature until February 12, 1950, in the name of the Powers represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on April 21, 1949; furthermore, by Powers not represented at that Conference, but which are parties to the Convention of July 27, 1929.
Article 137
The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the ratifications shall be deposited at Berne.
A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of each instrument of ratification and certified copies of this record shall be transmitted by the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
Article 138
The present Convention shall come into force six months after not less than two instruments of ratification have been deposited.
Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification.
Article 139
From the date of its coming into force, it shall be open to any Power in whose name the present Convention has not been signed, to accede to this Convention.
Article 140
Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, and shall take effect six months after the date on which they are received.
The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
Article 141
The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give immediate effect to ratifications deposited and accessions notified by the Parties to the conflict before or after the beginning of hostilities or occupation. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate by the quickest method any ratifications or accessions received from Parties to the conflict.
Article 142
Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention.
The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, which shall transmit it to the Governments of all the High Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof has been made to the Swiss Federal Council. However, a denunciation of which notification has been made at a time when the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict shall not take effect until peace has been concluded, and until after operations connected with the release and repatriation of the persons protected by the present Convention have been terminated.
The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power. It shall in no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict shall remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience.
Article 143
The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention with the Secretariat of the United Nations. The Swiss Federal Council shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all ratifications, accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to the present Convention.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, having deposited their respective full powers, have signed the present Convention.
DONE at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French languages. The original shall be deposited in the Archives of the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit certified copies thereof to each of the signatory and acceding States.
75 U.N.T.S. 135, entered into force Oct. 21, 1950.
PART I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 1
The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect for the present Convention in all circumstances.
Article 2
In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peace time, the present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties, even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.
The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no armed resistance.
Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.
Article 3
In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each party to the conflict shall be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:
1. Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour, religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.
To this end the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:
(a) Violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel treatment and torture;
(b) Taking of hostages;
(c) Outrages upon personal dignity, in particular, humiliating and degrading treatment;
(d) The passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous judgment pronounced by a regularly constituted court affording all the judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
2. The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.
An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.
The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present Convention.
The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the Parties to the conflict.
Article 4
A. Prisoners of war, in the sense of the present Convention, are persons belonging to one of the following categories, who have fallen into the power of the enemy:
1. Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict as well as members of militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.
2. Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied, provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized resistance movements, fulfil the following conditions:
(a) That of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
(b) That of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
(c) That of carrying arms openly;
(d) That of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.
3. Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a government or an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.
4. Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members thereof, such as civilian members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents, supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from the armed forces which they accompany, who shall provide them for that purpose with an identity card similar to the annexed model.
5. Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions of international law.
6. Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms openly and respect the laws and customs of war.
B. The following shall likewise be treated as prisoners of war under the present Convention:
1. Persons belonging, or having belonged, to the armed forces of the occupied country, if the occupying Power considers it necessary by reason of such allegiance to intern them, even though it has originally liberated them while hostilities were going on outside the territory it occupies, in particular where such persons have made an unsuccessful attempt to rejoin the armed forces to which they belong and which are engaged in combat, or where they fail to comply with a summons made to them with a view to internment.
2. The persons belonging to one of the categories enumerated in the present Article, who have been received by neutral or non-belligerent Powers on their territory and whom these Powers are required to intern under international law, without prejudice to any more favourable treatment which these Powers may choose to give and with the exception of Articles 8, 10, 15, 30, fifth paragraph, 58-67, 92, 126 and, where diplomatic relations exist between the Parties to the conflict and the neutral or non-belligerent Power concerned, those Articles concerning the Protecting Power. Where such diplomatic relations exist, the Parties to a conflict on whom these persons depend shall be allowed to perform towards them the functions of a Protecting Power as provided in the present Convention, without prejudice to the functions which these Parties normally exercise in conformity with diplomatic and consular usage and treaties.
C. This Article shall in no way affect the status of medical personnel and chaplains as provided for in Article 33 of the present Convention.
Article 5
The present Convention shall apply to the persons referred to in Article 4 from the time they fall into the power of the enemy and until their final release and repatriation.
Should any doubt arise as to whether persons, having committed a belligerent act and having fallen into the hands of the enemy, belong to any of the categories enumerated in Article 4, such persons shall enjoy the protection of the present Convention until such time as their status has been determined by a competent tribunal.
Article 6
In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10, 23, 28, 33, 60, 65, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 109, 110, 118, 119, 122 and 132, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make separate provision. No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of prisoners of war, as defined by the present Convention, nor restrict the rights which it confers upon them.
Prisoners of war shall continue to have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention is applicable to them, except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more favourable measures have been taken with regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the conflict.
Article 7
Prisoners of war may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights secured to them by the present Convention, and by the special agreements referred to in the foregoing Article, if such there be.
Article 8
The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the Protecting Powers may appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular staff, delegates from amongst their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers. The said delegates shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their duties.
The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible the task of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers.
The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case exceed their mission under the present Convention. They shall, in particular, take account of the imperative necessities of security of the State wherein they carry out their duties.
Article 9
The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of prisoners of war and for their relief.
Article 10
The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present Convention.
When prisoners of war do not benefit or cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the activities of a Protecting Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above, the Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an organization, to undertake the functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting Power designated by the Parties to a conflict.
If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall request or shall accept, subject to the provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of a humanitarian organization, such as the International Committee of the Red Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions performed by Protecting Powers under the present Convention.
Any neutral Power or any organization invited by the Power concerned or offering itself for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense of responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons protected by the present Convention depend, and shall be required to furnish sufficient assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to discharge them impartially.
No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special agreements between Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in its freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of military events, more particularly where the whole, or a substantial part, of the territory of the said Power is occupied.
Whenever in the present Convention mention is made of a Protecting Power, such mention applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present Article.
Article 11
In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention, the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the disagreement.
For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of one Party or on its own initiative, -propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting of their representatives, and in particular of the authorities responsible for prisoners of war, possibly on neutral territory suitably chosen. The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give effect to the proposals made to them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers may, if necessary, propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict a person belonging to a neutral Power, or delegated by the International Committee of the Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting.
PART II
GENERAL PROTECTION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 12
Prisoners of war are in the hands of the enemy Power, but not of the individuals or military units who have captured them. Irrespective of the individual responsibilities that may exist, the Detaining Power is responsible for the treatment given them.
Prisoners of war may only be transferred by the Detaining Power to a Power which is a party to the Convention and after the Detaining Power has satisfied itself of the willingness and ability of such transferee Power to apply the Convention. When prisoners of war are transferred under such circumstances, responsibility for the application of the Convention rests on the Power accepting them while they are in its custody.
Nevertheless if that Power fails to carry out the provisions of the Convention in any important respect, the Power by whom the prisoners of war were transferred shall, upon being notified by the Protecting Power, take effective measures to correct the situation or shall request the return of the prisoners of war. Such requests must be complied with.
Article 13
Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated. Any unlawful act or omission by the Detaining Power causing death or seriously endangering the health of a prisoner of war in its custody is prohibited, and will be regarded as a serious breach of the present Convention. In particular, no prisoner of war may be subjected to physical mutilation or to medical or scientific experiments of any kind which are not justified by the medical, dental or hospital treatment of the prisoner concerned and carried out in his interest.
Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity.
Measures of reprisal against prisoners of war are prohibited.
Article 14
Prisoners of war are entitled in all circumstances to respect for their persons and their honour.
Women shall be treated with all the regard due to their sex and shall in all cases benefit by treatment as favourable as that granted to men.
Prisoners of war shall retain the full civil capacity which they enjoyed at the time of their capture. The Detaining Power may not restrict the exercise, either within or without its own territory, of the rights such capacity confers except in so far as the captivity requires.
Article 15
The Power detaining prisoners of war shall be bound to provide free of charge for their maintenance and for the medical attention required by their state of health.
Article 16
Taking into consideration the provisions of the present Convention relating to rank and sex, and subject to any privileged treatment which may be accorded to them by reason of their state of health, age or professional qualifications, all prisoners of war shall be treated alike by the Detaining Power, without any adverse distinction based on race, nationality, religious belief or political opinions, or any other distinction founded on similar criteria.
PART III
CAPTIVITY
SECTION I
BEGINNING OF CAPTIVITY
Article 17
Every prisoner of war, when questioned on the subject, is bound to give only his surname, first names and rank, date of birth, and army, regimental, personal or serial number, or failing this, equivalent information.
If he wilfully infringes this rule, he may render himself liable to a restriction of the privileges accorded to his rank or status.
Each Party to a conflict is required to furnish the persons under its jurisdiction who are liable to become prisoners of war, with an identity card showing the owner's surname, first names, rank, army, regimental, personal or serial number or equivalent information, and date of birth. The identity card may, furthermore, bear the signature or the fingerprints, or both, of the owner, and may bear, as well, any other information the Party to the conflict may wish to add concerning persons belonging to its armed forces. AS far as possible the card shall measure 6.5 x 10 cm. and shall be issued in duplicate. The identity card shall be shown by the prisoner of war upon demand, but may in no case be taken away from him.
No physical or mental torture, nor any other form of coercion, may be inflicted on prisoners of war to secure from them information of any kind whatever. Prisoners of war who refuse to answer may not be threatened, insulted, or exposed to any unpleasant or disadvantageous treatment of any kind.
Prisoners of war who, owing to their physical or mental condition, are unable to state their identity, shall be handed over to the medical service. The identity of such prisoners shall be established by all possible means, subject to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.
The questioning of prisoners of war shall be carried out in a language which they understand.
Article 18
All effects and articles of personal use, except arms, horses, military equipment and military documents shall remain in the possession of prisoners of war, likewise their metal helmets and gas masks and like articles issued for personal protection. Effects and articles used for their clothing or feeding shall likewise remain in their possession, even if such effects and articles belong to their regulation military equipment.
At no time should prisoners of war be without identity documents. The Detaining Power shall supply such documents to prisoners of war who possess none.
Badges of rank and nationality, decorations and articles having above all a personal or sentimental value may not be taken from prisoners of war.
Sums of money carried by prisoners of war may not be taken away from them except by order of an officer, and after the amount and particulars of the owner have been recorded in a special register and an itemized receipt has been given, legibly inscribed with the name, rank and unit of the person issuing the said receipt. Sums in the currency of the Detaining Power, or which are changed into such currency at the prisoner's request, shall be placed to the credit of the prisoner's account as provided in Article 64.
The Detaining Power may withdraw articles of value from prisoners of war only for reasons of security; when such articles are withdrawn, the procedure laid down for sums of money impounded shall apply.
Such objects, likewise the sums taken away in any currency other than that of the Detaining Power and the conversion of which has not been asked for by the owners, shall be kept in the custody of the Detaining Power and shall be returned in their initial shape to prisoners of war at the end of their captivity.
Article 19
Prisoners of war shall be evacuated, as soon as possible after their capture, to camps situated in an area far enough from the combat zone for them to be out of danger.
Only those prisoners of war who, owing to wounds or sickness, would run greater risks by being evacuated than by remaining where they are, may be temporarily kept back in a danger zone.
Prisoners of war shall not be unnecessarily exposed to danger while awaiting evacuation from a fighting zone.
Article 20
The evacuation of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions similar to those for the forces of the Detaining Power in their changes of station.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who are being evacuated with sufficient food and potable water, and with the necessary clothing and medical attention. The Detaining Power shall take all suitable precautions to ensure their safety during evacuation, and shall establish as soon as possible a list of the prisoners of war who are evacuated. .;
If prisoners of war must, during evacuation, pass through transit camps, their stay in such camps shall be as brief as possible.
SECTION 11
INTERNMENT OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Chapter I
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Article 21
The Detaining Power may subject prisoners of war to internment. It may impose on them the obligation of not leaving, beyond certain limits, the camp where they are interned, or if the said camp is fenced in, of not going outside its perimeter. Subject to the provisions of the present Convention relative to penal and disciplinary sanctions, prisoners of war may not be held in close confinement except where necessary to safeguard their health and then only during the continuation of the circumstances which make such confinement necessary.
Prisoners of war may be partially or wholly released on parole or promise, in so far as is allowed by the laws of the Power on which they depend. Such measures shall be taken particularly in cases where this may contribute to the improvement of their state of health. No prisoner of war shall be compelled to accept liberty on parole or promise.
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, each Party to the conflict shall notify the adverse Party of the laws and regulations allowing or forbidding its own nationals to accept liberty on parole or promise. Prisoners of war who are paroled or who have given their promise in conformity with the laws and regulations so notified, are bound on their personal honour scrupulously to fulfil, both towards the Power on which they depend and towards the Power which has captured them, the engagements of their paroles or promises. In such cases, the Power on which they depend is bound neither to require nor to accept from them any service incompatible with the parole or promise given.
Article 22
Prisoners of war may be interned only in premises located on land and affording every guarantee of hygiene and healthfulness. Except in particular cases which are justified by the interest of the prisoners themselves, they shall not be interned in penitentiaries.
Prisoners of war interned in unhealthy areas, or where the climate is injurious for them, shall be removed as soon as possible to a more favourable climate.
The Detaining Power shall assemble prisoners of war in camps or camp compounds according to their nationality, language and customs, provided that such prisoners shall not be separated from prisoners of war belonging to the armed forces with which they were serving at the time of their capture, except with their consent. Article 23
No prisoner of war may at any time be sent to or detained in areas where he may be exposed to the fire of the combat zone, nor may his presence be used to render certain points or areas immune from military operations.
Prisoners of war shall have shelters against air bombardment and other hazards of war, to the same extent as the local civilian population. With the exception of those engaged in the protection of their quarters against the aforesaid hazards, they may enter such shelters as soon as possible after the giving of the alarm. Any other protective measure taken in favour of the population shall also apply to them.
Detaining Powers shall give the Powers concerned, through the intermediary of the Protecting Powers. all useful information regarding the geographical location of prisoner of war camps.
Whenever military considerations permit, prisoner of war camps shall be indicated in the day-time by the letters PW or PG, placed so as to be clearly visible from the air. The Powers concerned may, however, agree upon any other system of marking. Only prisoner of war camps shall be marked as such.
Article 24
Transit or screening camps of a permanent kind shall be fitted out under conditions similar to those described in the present Section, and the prisoners therein shall have the same treatment as in other camps.
Chapter II
QUARTERS FOOD AND CLOTHING OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 25
Prisoners of war shall be quartered under conditions as favourable as those for the forces of the Detaining Power who are billeted in the same area. The said conditions shall make allowance for the habits and customs of the prisoners and shall in no case be prejudicial to their health.
The foregoing provisions shall apply in particular to the dormitories of prisoners of war as regards both total surface and minimum cubic space, and the general installations, bedding and blankets.
The premises provided for the use of prisoners of war individually or collectively, shall be entirely protected from dampness and adequately heated and lighted, in particular between dusk and lights out. All precautions must be taken against the danger of fire.
In any camps in which women prisoners of war, as well as men, are accommodated, separate dormitories shall be provided for them.
Article 26
The basic daily food rations shall be sufficient in quantity, quality and variety to keep prisoners of war in good health and to prevent loss of weight or the development of nutritional deficiencies. Account shall also be taken of the habitual diet of the prisoners.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war who work with such additional rations as are necessary for the labour on which they are employed.
Sufficient drinking water shall be supplied to prisoners of war. The use of tobacco shall be permitted.
Prisoners of war shall, as far as possible, be associated with the preparation of their meals; they may be employed for that purpose in the kitchens. Furthermore, they shall be given the means of preparing, themselves, the additional food in their possession.
Adequate premises shall be provided for messing.
Collective disciplinary measures affecting food are prohibited.
Article 27
Clothing, underwear and footwear shall be supplied to prisoners of war in sufficient quantities by the Detaining Power, which shall make allowance for the climate of the region where the prisoners are detained. Uniforms of enemy armed forces captured by the Detaining Power should, if suitable for the climate, be made available to clothe prisoners of war.
The regular replacement and repair of the above articles shall be assured by the Detaining Power. In addition, prisoners of war who work shall receive appropriate clothing, wherever the nature of the work demands.
Article 28
Canteens shall be installed in all camps, where prisoners of war may procure foodstuffs, soap and tobacco and ordinary articles in daily use. The tariff shall never be in excess of local market prices.
The profits made by camp canteens shall be used for the benefit of the prisoners; a special fund shall be created for this purpose. The prisoners' representative shall have the right to collaborate in the management of the canteen and of this fund.
When a camp is closed down, the credit balance of the special fund shall be handed to an international welfare organization, to be employed for the benefit of prisoners of war of the same nationality as those who have contributed to the fund. In case of a general repatriation, such profits shall be kept by the Detaining Power, subject to any agreement to the contrary between the Powers concerned.
Chapter III
HYGIENE AND MEDICAL ATTENTION
Article 29
The Detaining Power shall be bound to take all sanitary measures necessary to ensure the cleanliness and healthfulness of camps and to prevent epidemics.
Prisoners of war shall have for their use, day and night, conveniences which conform to the rules of hygiene and are maintained in a constant state of cleanliness. In any camps in which women prisoners of war are accommodated, separate conveniences shall be provided for them.
Also, apart from the baths and showers with which the camps shall be furnished, prisoners of war shall be provided with sufficient water and soap for their personal toilet and for washing their personal laundry; the necessary installations, facilities and time shall be granted them for that purpose.
Article 30
Every camp shall have an adequate infirmary where prisoners of war may have the attention they require, as well as appropriate diet. Isolation wards shall, if necessary, be set aside for cases of contagious or mental disease.
Prisoners of war suffering from serious disease, or whose condition necessitates special treatment, a surgical operation or hospital care, must be admitted to any military or civilian medical unit where such treatment can be given, even if their repatriation is contemplated in the near future. Special facilities shall be afforded for the care to be given to the disabled, in particular to the blind, and for their rehabilitation, pending repatriation.
Prisoners of war shall have the attention, preferably, of medical personnel of the Power on which they depend and, if possible, of their nationality.
Prisoners of war may not be prevented from presenting themselves to the medical authorities for examination. The detaining authorities shall, upon request, issue to every prisoner who has undergone treatment, an official certificate indicating the nature of his illness or injury, and the duration and kind of treatment received. A duplicate of this certificate shall be forwarded to the Central Prisoners of War Agency.
The costs of treatment, including those of any apparatus necessary for the maintenance of prisoners of war in good health, particularly dentures and other artificial appliances, and spectacles, shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
Article 31
Medical inspections of prisoners of war shall be held at least once a month. They shall include the checking and the recording of the weight of each prisoner of war. Their purpose shall be, in particular, to supervise the general state of health, nutrition and cleanliness of prisoners and to detect contagious diseases, especially tuberculosis, malaria and venereal disease. For this purpose the most efficient methods available shall be employed, e.g. periodic mass miniature radiography for the early detection of tuberculosis.
Article 32
Prisoners of war who, though not attached to the medical service of their armed forces, are physicians, surgeons, dentists, nurses or medical orderlies, may be required by the Detaining Power to exercise their medical functions in the interests of prisoners of war dependent on the same Power. In that case they shall continue to be prisoners of war, but shall receive the same treatment as corresponding medical personnel retained by the Detaining Power. They shall be exempted from any other work under Article 49.
Chapter IV
MEDICAL PERSONNEL AND CHAPLAINS
RETAINED TO ASSIST PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 33
Members of the medical personnel and chaplains while retained by the Detaining Power with a view to assisting prisoners of war, shall not be considered as prisoners of war. They shall, however, receive as a minimum the benefits and protection of the present Convention, and shall also be granted all facilities necessary to provide for the medical care of, and religious ministration to prisoners of war.
They shall continue to exercise their medical and spiritual functions for the benefit of prisoners of war, preferably those belonging to the armed forces upon which they depend, within the scope of the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power and under the control of its competent services, in accordance with their professional etiquette. They shall also benefit by the following facilities in the exercise of their medical or spiritual functions:
(a) They shall be authorized to visit periodically prisoners of war situated in working detachments or in hospitals outside the camp. For this purpose, the Detaining Power shall place at their disposal the necessary means of transport.
(b) The senior medical officer in each camp shall be responsible to the camp military authorities for everything connected with the activities of retained medical personnel. For this purpose, Parties to the conflict shall agree at the outbreak of hostilities on the subject of the corresponding ranks of the medical personnel, including that of societies mentioned in Article 26 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field of August 12, 1949. This senior medical officer, as well as chaplains, shall have the right to deal with the competent authorities of the camp on all questions relating to their duties. Such authorities shall afford them all necessary facilities for correspondence relating to these questions.
(c) Although they shall be subject to the internal discipline of the camp in which they are retained, such personnel may not be compelled to carry out any work other than that concerned with their medical or religious duties.
During hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall agree concerning the possible relief of retained personnel and shall settle the procedure to be followed.
None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of its obligations with regard to prisoners of war from the medical or spiritual point of view.
Chapter V
RELIGIOUS INTELLECTUAL AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Article 34
Prisoners of war shall enjoy complete latitude in the exercise of their religious duties, including attendance at the service of their faith, on condition that they comply with the disciplinary routine prescribed by the military authorities.
Adequate premises shall be provided where religious services may be held.
Article 35
Chaplains who fall into the hands of the enemy Power and who remain or are retained with a view to assisting prisoners of war, shall be allowed to minister to them and to exercise freely their ministry amongst prisoners of war of the same religion, in accordance with their religious conscience. They shall be allocated among the various camps and labour detachments containing prisoners of war belonging to the same forces. speaking the same language or practising the same religion. They shall enjoy the necessary facilities, including the means of transport provided for in Article 33, for visiting the prisoners of war outside their camp. They shall be free to correspond, subject to censorship, on matters concerning their religious duties with the ecclesiastical authorities in the country of detention and with international religious organizations. Letters and cards which they may send for this purpose shall be in addition to the quota provided for in Article 71.
Article 36
Prisoners of war who are ministers of religion, without having officiated as chaplains to their own forces, shall be at liberty, whatever their denomination, to minister freely to the members of their community. For this purpose, they shall receive the same treatment as the chaplains retained by the Detaining Power. They shall not be obliged to do any other work.
Article 37
When prisoners of war have not the assistance of a retained chaplain or of a prisoner of war minister of their faith, a minister belonging to the prisoners, or a similar denomination, or in his absence a qualified layman, if such a course is feasible from a confessional point of view, shall be appointed, at the request of the prisoners concerned, to fill this office. This appointment, subject to the approval of the Detaining Power, shall take place with the agreement of the community of prisoners concerned and, wherever necessary, with the approval of the local religious authorities of the same faith. The person thus appointed shall comply with all regulations established by the Detaining Power in the interests of discipline and military security.
Article 38
While respecting the individual preferences of every prisoner, the Detaining Power shall encourage the practice of intellectual, educational, and recreational pursuits, sports and games amongst prisoners, and shall take the measures necessary to ensure the exercise thereof by providing them with adequate premises and necessary equipment.
Prisoners shall have opportunities for taking physical exercise, including sports and games, and for being out of doors. Sufficient open spaces shall be provided for this purpose in all camps.
Chapter VI
DISCIPLINE
Article 39
Every prisoner of war camp shall be put under the immediate authority of a responsible commissioned officer belonging to the regular armed forces of the Detaining Power. Such officer shall have in his possession a copy of the present Convention; he shall ensure that its provisions are known to the camp staff and the guard and shall be responsible, under the direction of his government, for its application.
Prisoners of war, with the exception of officers, must salute and show to all officers of the Detaining Power the external marks of respect provided for by the regulations applying in their own forces.
Officer prisoners of war are bound to salute only officers of a higher rank of the Detaining Power; they must, however, salute the camp commander regardless of his rank.
Article 40
The wearing of badges of rank and nationality, as well as of decorations, shall be permitted.
Article 41
In every camp the text of the present Convention and its Annexes and the contents of any special agreement provided for in Article 6, shall be posted, in the prisoners' own language, at places where all may read them. Copies shall be supplied, on request, to the prisoners who cannot have access to the copy which has been posted.
Regulations, orders, notices and publications of every kind relating to the conduct of prisoners of war shall be issued to them in a language which they understand. Such regulations, orders and publications shall be posted in the manner described above and copies shall be handed to the prisoners' representative. Every order and command addressed to prisoners of war individually must likewise be given in a language which they understand.
Article 42
The use of weapons against prisoners of war, especially against those who are escaping or attempting to escape, shall constitute an extreme measure, which shall always be preceded by warnings appropriate to the circumstances.
Chapter VII
RANK OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 43
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, the Parties to the conflict shall communicate to one another the titles and ranks of all the persons mentioned in Article 4 of the present Convention, in order to ensure equality of treatment between prisoners of equivalent rank. Titles and ranks which are subsequently created shall form the subject of similar communications.
The Detaining Power shall recognize promotions in rank which have been accorded to prisoners of war and which have been duly notified by the Power on which these prisoners depend.
Article 44
Officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the regard due to their rank and age.
In order to ensure service in officers' camps, other ranks of the same armed forces who, as far as possible, speak the same language, shall be assigned in sufficient numbers, account being taken of the rank of officers and prisoners of equivalent status. Such orderlies shall not be required to perform any other work.
Supervision of the mess by the officers themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
Article 45
Prisoners of war other than officers and prisoners of equivalent status shall be treated with the regard due to their rank and age.
Supervision of the mess by the prisoners themselves shall be facilitated in every way.
Chapter VIII
TRANSFER OF PRISONERS OF WAR AFTER THEIR ARRIVAL IN CAMP
Article 46
The Detaining Power, when deciding upon the transfer of prisoners of war, shall take into account the interests of the prisoners themselves, more especially so as not to increase the difficulty of their repatriation.
The transfer of prisoners of war shall always be effected humanely and in conditions not less favourable than those under which the forces of the Detaining Power are transferred. Account shall always be taken of the climatic conditions to which the prisoners of war are accustomed and the conditions of transfer shall in no case be prejudicial to their health.
The Detaining Power shall supply prisoners of war during transfer with sufficient food and drinking water to keep them in good health, likewise with the necessary clothing, shelter and medical attention. The Detaining Power shall take adequate precautions especially in case of transport by sea or by air, to ensure their safety during transfer, and shall draw up a complete list of all transferred prisoners before their departure.
Article 47
Sick or wounded prisoners of war shall not be transferred as long as their recovery may be endangered by the journey, unless their safety imperatively demands it.
If the combat zone draws closer to a camp, the prisoners of war in the said camp shall not be transferred unless their transfer can be carried out in adequate conditions of safety, or if they are exposed to greater risks by remaining on the spot than by being transferred.
Article 48
In the event of transfer, prisoners of war shall be officially advised of their departure and of their new postal address. Such notifications shall be given in time for them to pack their luggage and inform their next of kin.
They shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and the correspondence and parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be limited, if the conditions of transfer so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry, which shall in no case be more than twenty-five kilograms per head.
Mail and parcels addressed to their former camp shall be forwarded to them without delay. The camp commander shall take, in agreement with the prisoners' representative, any measures needed to ensure the transport of the prisoners' community property and of the luggage they are unable to take with them in consequence of restrictions imposed by virtue of the second paragraph of this Article.
The costs of transfers shall be borne by the Detaining Power.
SECTION 111
LABOUR OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 49
The Detaining Power may utilize the labour of prisoners of war who are physically fit, taking into account their age, sex, rank and physical aptitude, and with a view particularly to maintaining them in a good state of physical and mental health.
Non-commissioned officers who are prisoners of war shall only be required to do supervisory work. Those not so required may ask for other suitable work which shall, so far as possible, be found for them.
If officers or persons of equivalent status ask for suitable work, it shall be found for them, so far as possible, but they may in no circumstances be compelled to work.
Article 50
Besides work connected with camp administration, installation or maintenance, prisoners of war may be compelled to do only such work as is included in the following classes:
(a) Agriculture;
(b) Industries connected with the production or the extraction of raw materials, and manufacturing industries, with the exception of metallurgical, machinery and chemical industries; public works and building operations which have no military character or purpose;
(c) Transport and handling of stores which are not military in character or purpose;
(d) Commercial business, and arts and crafts;
(e) Domestic service;
(f) Public utility services having no military character or purpose.
Should the above provisions be infringed, prisoners of war shall be allowed to exercise their right of complaint, in conformity with Article 78.
Article 51
Prisoners of war must be granted suitable working conditions, especially as regards accommodation, food, clothing and equipment; such conditions shall not be inferior to those enjoyed by nationals of the Detaining Power employed in similar work; account shall also be taken of climatic conditions.
The Detaining Power, in utilizing the labour of prisoners of war, shall en sure that in areas in which prisoners are employed, the national legislation concerning the protection of labour, and, more particularly, the regulations for the safety of workers, are duly applied.
Prisoners of war shall receive training and be provided with the means of protection suitable to the work they will have to do and similar to those accorded to the nationals of the Detaining Power. Subject to the provisions of Article 52, prisoners may be submitted to the normal risks run by these civilian workers.
Conditions of labour shall in no case be rendered more arduous by disciplinary measures.
Article 52
Unless he be a volunteer, no prisoner of war may be employed on labour which is of an unhealthy or dangerous nature.
No prisoner of war shall be assigned to labour which would be looked upon as humiliating for a member of the Detaining Power's own forces.
The removal of mines or similar devices shall be considered as dangerous labour.
Article 53
The duration of the daily labour of prisoners of war, including the time of the journey to and fro, shall not be excessive, and must in no case exceed that permitted for civilian workers in the district, who are nationals of the Detaining Power and employed on the same work.
Prisoners of war must be allowed, in the middle of the day's work, a rest of not less than one hour. This rest will be the same as that to which workers of the Detaining Power are entitled, if the latter is of longer duration. They shall be allowed in addition a rest of twenty-four consecutive hours every week, preferably on Sunday or the day of rest in their country of origin. Furthermore, every prisoner who has worked for one year shall be granted a rest of eight consecutive days, during which his working pay shall be paid him.
If methods of labour such as piece-work are employed, the length of the working period shall not be rendered excessive thereby.
Article 54
The working pay due to prisoners of war shall be fixed in accordance with the provisions of Article 62 of the present Convention.
Prisoners of war who sustain accidents in connection with work, or who contract a disease in the course, or in consequence of their work, shall receive all the care their condition may require. The Detaining Power shall furthermore deliver to such prisoners of war a medical certificate enabling them to submit their claims to the Power on which they depend, and shall send a duplicate to the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
Article 55
The fitness of prisoners of war for work shall be periodically verified by medical examinations at least once a month. The examinations shall have particular regard to the nature of the work which prisoners of war are required to do.
If any prisoner of war considers himself incapable of working, he shall be permitted to appear before the medical authorities of his camp. Physicians or surgeons may recommend that the prisoners who are, in their opinion, unfit for work, be exempted therefrom.
Article 56
The organization and administration of labour detachments shall be similar to those of prisoner of war camps.
Every labour detachment shall remain under the control of and administratively part of a prisoner of war camp. The military authorities and the commander of the said camp shall be responsible, under the direction of their government, for the observance of the provisions of the present Convention in labour detachments.
The camp commander shall keep an up-to-date record of the labour detachments dependent on his camp, and shall communicate it to the delegates of the Protecting Power, of the International Committee of the Red Cross, or of other agencies giving relief to prisoners of war, who may visit the camp.
Article 57
The treatment of prisoners of war who work for private persons, even if the latter are responsible for guarding and protecting them, shall not be inferior to that which is provided for by the present Convention. The Detaining Power, the military authorities and the commander of the camp to which such prisoners belong shall be entirely responsible for the maintenance, care, treatment, and payment of the working pay of such prisoners of war.
Such prisoners of war shall have the right to remain in communication with the prisoners' representatives in the camps on which they depend.
SECTION IV
FINANCIAL RESOURCES OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 58
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, and pending an arrangement on this matter with the Protecting Power, the Detaining Power may determine the maximum amount of money in cash or in any similar form, that prisoners may have in their possession. Any amount in excess, which was properly in their possession and which has been taken or withheld from them, shall be placed to their account, together with any monies deposited by them, and shall not be converted into any other currency without their consent.
If prisoners of war are permitted to purchase services or commodities outside the camp against payment in cash, such payments shall be made by the prisoner himself or by the camp administration who will charge them to the accounts of the prisoners concerned. The Detaining Power will establish the necessary rules in this respect.
Article 59
Cash which was taken from prisoners of war, in accordance with Article 18, at the time of their capture, and which is in the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be placed to their separate accounts, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64 of the present Section.
The amounts, in the currency of the Detaining Power, due to the conversion of sums in other currencies that are taken from the prisoners of war at the same time, shall also be credited to their separate accounts.
Article 60
The Detaining Power shall grant all prisoners of war a monthly advance of pay, the amount of which shall be fixed by conversion, into the currency of the said Power, of the following amounts:
Category I: Prisoners ranking below sergeant: eight Swiss francs.
Category II: Sergeants and other non-commissioned officers, or prisoners of equivalent rank: twelve Swiss francs.
Category m: Warrant officers and commissioned officers below the rank of major or prisoners of equivalent rank: fifty Swiss francs.
Category IV: Majors, lieutenant-colonels, colonels or prisoners of equivalent rank: sixty Swiss francs.
Category V: General officers or prisoners of equivalent rank: seventy-five Swiss francs.
However, the Parties to the conflict concerned may by special agreement modify the amount of advances of pay due to prisoners of the preceding categories.
Furthermore, if the amounts indicated in the first paragraph above would be unduly high compared with the pay of the Detaining Power's armed forces or would, for any reason, seriously embarrass the Detaining Power, then, pending the conclusion of a special agreement with the Power on which the prisoners depend to vary the amounts indicated above, the Detaining Power:
(a) Shall continue to credit the accounts of the prisoners with the amounts indicated in the first paragraph above;
(b) May temporarily limit the amount made available from these advances of pay to prisoners of war for their own use, to sums which are reasonable , but which, for Category I, shall never be inferior to the amount that the Detaining Power gives to the members of its own armed forces.
The reasons for any limitations will be given without delay to the Protecting Power.
Article 61
The Detaining Power shall accept for distribution as supplementary pay to prisoners of war sums which the Power on which the prisoners depend may forward to them, on condition that the sums to be paid shall be the same for each prisoner of the same category, shall be payable to all prisoners of that category depending on that Power, and shall be placed in their separate accounts, at the earliest opportunity, in accordance with the provisions of Article 64. Such supplementary pay shall not relieve the Detaining Power of any obligation under this Convention.
Article 62
Prisoners of war shall be paid a fair working rate of pay by the detaining authorities direct. The rate shall be fixed by the said authorities, but shall at no time be less than one-fourth of one Swiss franc for a full working day. The Detaining Power shall inform prisoners of war, as well as the Power on which they depend, through the intermediary of the Protecting Power, of the rate of daily working pay that it has fixed.
Working pay shall likewise be paid by the detaining authorities to prisoners of war permanently detailed to duties or to a skilled or semi-skilled occupation in connection with the administration, installation or maintenance of camps, and to the prisoners who are required to carry out spiritual or medical duties on behalf of their comrades.
The working pay of the prisoners' representative, of his advisers, if any, and of his assistants, shall be paid out of the fund maintained by canteen profits. The scale of this working pay shall be fixed by the prisoners, representative and approved by the camp commander. If there is no such fund, the detaining authorities shall pay these prisoners a fair working rate of pay.
Article 63
Prisoners of war shall be permitted to receive remittances of money addressed to them individually or collectively.
Every prisoner of war shall have at his disposal the credit balance of his account as provided for in the following Article, within the limits fixed by the Detaining Power, which shall make such payments as are requested. Subject to financial or monetary restrictions which the Detaining Power regards as essential, prisoners of war may also have payments made abroad. In this case payments addressed by prisoners of war to dependants shall be given priority.
In any event, and subject to the consent of the Power on which they depend, prisoners may have payments made in their own country, as follows: the Detaining Power shall send to the aforesaid Power through the Protecting Power a notification giving all the necessary particulars concerning the prisoners of war, the beneficiaries of the payments, and the amount of the sums to be paid, expressed in the Detaining Power's currency. The said notification shall be signed by the prisoners and countersigned by the camp commander. The Detaining Power shall debit the prisoners' account by a corresponding amount; the sums thus debited shall be placed by it to the credit of the Power on which the prisoners depend.
To apply the foregoing provisions, the Detaining Power may usefully consult the Model Regulations in Annex V of the present Convention.
Article 64
The Detaining Power shall hold an account for each prisoner of war, showing at least the following:
1. The amounts due to the prisoner or received by him as advances of pay, as working pay or derived from any other source; the sums in the currency of the Detaining Power which were taken from him; the sums taken from him and converted at his request into the currency of the said Power.
2. The payments made to the prisoner in cash, or in any other similar form; the payments made on his behalf and at his request; the sums transferred under Article 63, third paragraph.
Article 65
Every item entered in the account of a prisoner of war shall be countersigned or initialled by him, or by the prisoners' representative acting on his behalf.
Prisoners of war shall at all times be afforded reasonable facilities for consulting and obtaining copies of their accounts, which may likewise be inspected by the representatives of the Protecting Powers at the time of visits to the camp.
When prisoners of war are transferred from one camp to another, their personal accounts will follow them. In case of transfer from one Detaining Power to another, the monies which are their property and are not in the currency of the Detaining Power will follow them. They shall be given certificates for any other monies standing to the credit of their accounts.
The Parties to the conflict concerned may agree to notify to each other at specific intervals through the Protecting Power, the amount of the accounts of the prisoners of war.
Article 66
On the termination of captivity, through the release of a prisoner of war or his repatriation, the Detaining Power shall give him a statement, signed by an authorized officer of that Power, showing the credit balance then due to him. The Detaining Power shall also send through the Protecting Power to the government upon which the prisoner of war depends, lists giving all appropriate particulars of all prisoners of war whose captivity has been terminated by repatriation, release, escape, death or any other means, and showing the amount of their credit balances. Such lists shall be certified on each sheet by an authorized representative of the Detaining Power.
Any of the above provisions of this Article may be varied by mutual agreement between any two Parties to the conflict.
The Power on which the prisoner of war depends shall be responsible for settling with him any credit balance due to him from the Detaining Power on the termination of his captivity.
Article 67
Advances of pay, issued to prisoners of war in conformity with Article 60, shall be considered as made on behalf of the Power on which they depend. Such advances of pay, as well as all payments made by the said Power under Article 63, third paragraph, and Article 68, shall form the subject of arrangements between the Powers concerned, at the close of hostilities.
Article 68
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of any injury or other disability arising out of work shall be referred to the Power on which he depends, through the Protecting Power. In accordance with Article 54, the Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner of war concerned with a statement showing the nature of the injury or disability, the circumstances in which it arose and particulars of medical or hospital treatment given for it. This statement will be signed by a responsible officer of the Detaining Power and the medical particulars certified by a medical officer.
Any claim by a prisoner of war for compensation in respect of personal effects, monies or valuables impounded by the Detaining Power under Article 18 and not forthcoming on his repatriation, or in respect of loss alleged to be due to the fault of the Detaining Power or any of its servants, shall likewise be referred to the Power on which he depends. Nevertheless, any such personal effects required for use by the prisoners of war whilst in captivity shall be replaced at the expense of the Detaining Power. The Detaining Power will, in all cases, provide the prisoner of war with a statement, signed by a responsible officer, showing all available information regarding the reasons why such effects, monies or valuables have not been restored to him. A copy of this statement will be forwarded to the Power on which he depends through the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123.
SECTION V
RELATIONS OF PRISONERS OF WAR WITH THE EXTERIOR
Article 69
Immediately upon prisoners of war falling into its power, the Detaining Power shall inform them and the Powers on which they depend, through the Protecting Power, of the measures taken to carry out the provisions of the present Section. They shall likewise inform the parties concerned of any subsequent modifications of such measures.
Article 70
Immediately upon capture, or not more than one week after arrival at a camp, even if it is a transit camp, likewise in case of sickness or transfer to hospital or another camp, every prisoner of war shall be enabled to write direct to his family, on the one hand, and to the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, on the other hand, a card similar, if possible, to the model annexed to the present Convention, informing his relatives of his capture, address and state of health. The said cards shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible and may not be delayed in any manner.
Article 71
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to send and receive letters and cards. If the Detaining Power deems it necessary to limit the number of letters and cards sent by each prisoner of war, the said number shall not be less than two letters and four cards monthly, exclusive of the capture cards provided for in Article 70, and conforming as closely as possible to the models annexed to the present Convention. Further limitations may be imposed only if the Protecting Power is satisfied that it would be in the interests of the prisoners of war concerned to do so owing to difficulties of translation caused by the Detaining Power's inability to find sufficient qualified linguists to carry out the necessary censorship. If limitations must be placed on the correspondence addressed to prisoners of war, they may be ordered only by the Power on which the prisoners depend, possibly at the request of the Detaining Power. Such letters and cards must be conveyed by the most rapid method at the disposal of the Detaining Power; they may not be delayed or retained for disciplinary reasons.
Prisoners of war who have been without news for a long period, or who are unable to receive news from their next of kin or to give them news by the ordinary postal route, as well as those who are at a great distance from their homes, shall be permitted to send telegrams, the fees being charged against the prisoners of war's accounts with the Detaining Power or paid in the currency at their disposal. They shall likewise benefit by-this measure in cases of urgency.
As a general rule, the correspondence of prisoners of war shall be written in their native language. The Parties to the conflict may allow correspondence in other languages.
Sacks containing prisoner of war mail must be securely sealed and labelled so as clearly to indicate their contents, and must be addressed to offices of destination.
Article 72
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to receive by post or by any other means individual parcels or collective shipments containing, in particular, foodstuffs, clothing, medical supplies and articles of a religious, educational or recreational character which may meet their needs, including books, devotional articles, scientific equipment, examination papers, musical instruments, sports outfits and materials allowing prisoners of war to pursue their studies or their cultural activities.
Such shipments shall in no way free the Detaining Power from the obligations imposed upon it by virtue of the present Convention.
The only limits which may be placed on these shipments shall be those proposed by the Protecting Power in the interest of the prisoners themselves, or by the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to the prisoners, in respect of their own shipments only, on account of exceptional strain on transport or communications.
The conditions for the sending of individual parcels and collective relief shall, if necessary, be the subject of special agreements between the Powers concerned, which may in no case delay the receipt by the prisoners of relief supplies. Books may not be included in parcels of clothing and foodstuffs. Medical supplies shall, as a rule, be sent in collective parcels.
Article 73
In the absence of special agreements between the Powers concerned on the conditions for the receipt and distribution of collective relief shipments, the rules and regulations concerning collective shipments, which are annexed to the present Convention, shall be applied.
The special agreements referred to above shall in no case restrict the right of prisoners' representatives to take possession of collective relief shipments intended for prisoners of war, to proceed to their distribution or to dispose of them in the interest of the prisoners.
Nor shall such agreements restrict the right of representatives of the Protecting Power, the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization giving assistance to prisoners of war and responsible for the forwarding of collective shipments, to supervise their distribution to the recipients.
Article 74
All relief shipments for prisoners of war shall be exempt from import, customs and other dues.
Correspondence, relief shipments and authorized remittances of money addressed to prisoners of war or despatched by them through the post office, either direct or through the Information Bureaux provided for in Article 122 and the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, shall be exempt from any postal dues, both in the countries of origin and destination, and in intermediate countries.
If relief shipments intended for prisoners of war cannot be sent through the post office by reason of weight or for any other cause, the cost of transportation shall be borne by the Detaining Power in all the territories under its control. The other Powers party to the Convention shall bear the cost of transport in their respective territories.
In the absence of special agreements between the Parties concerned, the costs connected with transport of such shipments, other than costs covered by the above exemption, shall be charged to the senders. The High Contracting Parties shall endeavour to reduce, so far as possible, the rates charged for telegrams sent by prisoners of war, or addressed to them.
Article 75
Should military operations prevent the Powers concerned from fulfilling their obligation to assure the transport of the shipments referred to in Articles 70, 71, 72 and 77, the Protecting Powers concerned, the Inter national Committee of the Red Cross or any other organization duly approved by the Parties to the conflict may undertake to ensure the conveyance of such shipments by suitable means (railway wagons, motor vehicles, vessels or aircraft, etc.). For this purpose, the High Contracting Parties shall endeavour to supply them with such transport and to allow its circulation, especially by granting the necessary safe-conducts.
Such transport may also be used to convey:.
(a) Correspondence, lists and reports exchanged between the Central Information Agency referred to in Article 123 and the National Bureaux referred to in Article 122;
(b) Correspondence and reports relating to prisoners of war which the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross or any other body assisting the prisoners, exchange either with their own delegates or with the Parties to the conflict.
These provisions in no way detract from the right of any Party to the conflict to arrange other means of transport, if it should so prefer, nor preclude the granting of safe-conducts, under mutually agreed conditions, to such means of transport.
In the absence of special agreements, the costs occasioned by the use of such means of transport shall be borne proportionally by the Parties to the conflict whose nationals are benefited thereby.
Article 76
The censoring of correspondence addressed to prisoners of war or despatched by them shall be done as quickly as possible. Mail shall be censored only by the despatching State and the receiving State, and once only by each.
The examination of consignments intended for prisoners of war shall not be carried out under conditions that will expose the goods contained in them to deterioration; except in the case of written or printed matter , it shall be done in the presence of the addressee, or of a fellow-prisoner duly delegated by him. The delivery to prisoners of individual or collective consignments shall not be delayed under the pretext of difficulties of censorship.
Any prohibition of correspondence ordered by Parties to the conflict, either for military or political reasons, shall be only temporary and its duration shall be as short as possible.
Article 77
The Detaining Powers shall provide all facilities for the transmission, through the Protecting Power or the Central Prisoners of War Agency provided for in Article 123, of instruments, papers or documents intended for prisoners of war or despatched by them, especially powers of attorney and wills.
In all cases they shall facilitate the preparation and execution of such documents on behalf of prisoners of war; in particular, they shall allow them to consult a lawyer and shall take what measures are necessary for the authentication of their signatures.
SECTION VI
RELATIONS BETWEEN PRISONERS OF WAR AND THE AUTHORITIES
Chapter I
COMPLAINTS OF PRISONERS OF WAR
RESPECTING THE CONDITIONS OF CAPTIVITY
Article 78
Prisoners of war shall have the right to make known to the military authorities in whose power they are, their requests regarding the conditions of captivity to which they are subjected.
They shall also have the unrestricted right to apply to the representatives of the Protecting Powers either through their prisoners' representative or, if they consider it necessary, direct, in order to draw their attention to any points on which they may have complaints to make regarding their conditions of captivity.
These requests and complaints shall not be limited nor considered to be a part of the correspondence quota referred to in Article 71. They must be transmitted immediately. Even if they are recognized to be unfounded, they may not give rise to any punishment.
Prisoners' representatives may send periodic reports on the situation in the camps and the needs of the prisoners of war to the representatives of the Protecting Powers.
Chapter II
PRISONER OF WAR REPRESENTATIVES
Article 79
In all places where there are prisoners of war, except in those where there are officers, the prisoners shall freely elect by secret ballot, every six months, and also in case of vacancies, prisoners' representatives entrusted with representing them before the military authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and any other organization which may assist them. These prisoners' representatives shall be eligible for re-election.
In camps for officers and persons of equivalent status or in mixed camps, the senior officer among the prisoners of war shall be recognized as the camp prisoners' representative. In camps for officers, he shall be assisted by one or more advisers chosen by the officers; in mixed camps, his assistants shall be chosen from among the prisoners of war who are not officers and shall be elected by them.
Officer prisoners of war of the same nationality shall be stationed in labour camps for prisoners of war, for the purpose of carrying out the camp administration duties for which the prisoners of war are responsible. These officers may be elected as prisoners' representatives under the first paragraph of this Article. In such a case the assistants to the prisoners' representatives shall be chosen from among those prisoners of war who are not officers.
Every representative elected must be approved by the Detaining Power before he has the right to commence his duties. Where the Detaining Power refuses to approve a prisoner of war elected by his fellow prisoners of war, it must inform the Protecting Power of the reason for such refusal.
In all cases the prisoners' representative must have the same nationality, language and customs as the prisoners of war whom he represents. Thus, prisoners of war distributed in different sections of a camp, according to their nationality, language or customs, shall have for each section their own prisoners' representative, in accordance with the foregoing paragraphs.
Article 80
Prisoners' representatives shall further the physical, spiritual and intellectual well-being of prisoners of war.
In particular, where the prisoners decide to organize amongst themselves a system of mutual assistance, this organization will be within the province of the prisoners' representative, in addition to the special duties entrusted to him by other provisions of the present Convention.
Prisoners' representatives shall not be held responsible, simply by reason of their duties, for any offences committed by prisoners of war.
Article 81
Prisoners' representatives shall not be required to perform any other work, if the accomplishment of their duties is thereby made more difficult.
Prisoners' representatives may appoint from amongst the prisoners such assistants as they may require. All material facilities shall be granted them, particularly a certain freedom of movement necessary for the accomplishment of their duties (inspection of labour detachments, receipt of supplies, etc.).
Prisoners' representatives shall be permitted to visit premises where prisoners of war are detained, and every prisoner of war shall have the right to consult freely his prisoners' representative.
All facilities shall likewise be accorded to the prisoners' representatives for communication by post and telegraph with the detaining authorities, the Protecting Powers, the International Committee of the Red Cross and their delegates, the Mixed Medical Commissions and with the bodies which give assistance to prisoners of war. Prisoners' representatives of labour detachments shall enjoy the same facilities for communication with the prisoners' representatives of the principal camp. Such communications shall not be restricted, nor considered as forming a part of the quota mentioned in Article 71.
Prisoners' representatives who are transferred shall be allowed a reasonable time to acquaint their successors with current affairs.
In case of dismissal, the reasons therefor shall be communicated to the Protecting Power.
Chapter III
PENAL AND DISCIPLINARY SANCTIONS
I. General provisions
Article 82
A prisoner of war shall be subject to the laws, regulations and orders in force in the armed forces of the Detaining Power; the Detaining Power shall be justified in taking judicial or disciplinary measures in respect of any offence committed by a prisoner of war against such laws, regulations or orders. However, no proceedings or punishments contrary to the provisions of this Chapter shall be allowed.
If any law, regulation or order of the Detaining Power shall declare acts committed by a prisoner of war to be punishable, whereas the same acts would not be punishable if committed by a member of the forces of the Detaining Power, such acts shall entail disciplinary punishments only.
Article 83
In deciding whether proceedings in respect of an offence alleged to have been committed by a prisoner of war shall be judicial or disciplinary, the Detaining Power shall ensure that the competent authorities exercise the greatest leniency and adopt, wherever possible, disciplinary rather than judicial measures.
Article 84
A prisoner of war shall be tried only by a military court, unless the existing laws of the Detaining Power expressly permit the civil courts to try a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power in respect of the particular offence alleged to have been committed by the prisoner of war.
In no circumstances whatever shall a prisoner of war be tried by a court of any kind which does not offer the essential guarantees of independence and impartiality as generally recognized, and, in particular, the procedure of which does not afford the accused the rights and means of defence provided for in Article 105.
Article 85
Prisoners of war prosecuted under the laws of the Detaining Power for acts committed prior to capture shall retain, even if convicted, the benefits of the present Convention.
Article 86
No prisoner of war may be punished more than once for the same act, or on the same charge.
Article 87
Prisoners of war may not be sentenced by the military authorities and courts of the Detaining Power to any penalties except those provided for in respect of members of the armed forces of the said Power who have committed the same acts.
When fixing the penalty, the courts or authorities of the Detaining Power shall take into consideration, to the widest extent possible, the fact that the accused, not being a national of the Detaining Power, is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance, and that he is in its power as the result of circumstances independent of his own will. The said courts or authorities shall be at liberty to reduce the penalty provided for the violation of which the prisoner of war is accused, and shall therefore not be bound to apply the minimum penalty prescribed.
Collective punishment for individual acts, corporal punishments, imprisonment in premises without daylight and, in general, any form of torture or cruelty, are forbidden.
No prisoner of war may be deprived of his rank by the Detaining Power, or prevented from wearing his badges.
Article 88
Officers, non-commissioned officers and men who are prisoners of war undergoing a disciplinary or judicial punishment, shall not be subjected to more severe treatment than that applied in respect of the same punishment to members of the armed forces of the Detaining Power of equivalent rank.
A woman prisoner of war shall not be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe, or treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a woman member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
In no case may a woman prisoner of war be awarded or sentenced to a punishment more severe, or treated whilst undergoing punishment more severely, than a male member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power dealt with for a similar offence.
Prisoners of war who have served disciplinary or judicial sentences may not be treated differently from other prisoners of war.
II. Disciplinary sanctions
Article 89
The disciplinary punishments applicable to prisoners of war are the following:
1. A fine which shall not exceed 50 per cent of the advances of pay and working pay which the prisoner of war would otherwise receive under the provisions of Articles 60 and 62 during a period of not more than thirty days.
2. Discontinuance of privileges granted over and above the treatment provided for by the present Convention.
3. Fatigue duties not exceeding two hours daily.
4. Confinement.
The punishment referred to under (3) shall not be applied to officers.
In no case shall disciplinary punishments be inhuman, brutal or dangerous to the health of prisoners of war.
Article 90
The duration of any single punishment shall in no case exceed thirty days. Any period of confinement awaiting the hearing of a disciplinary offence or the award of disciplinary punishment shall be deducted from an award pronounced against a prisoner of war.
The maximum of thirty days provided above may not be exceeded, even if the prisoner of war is answerable for several acts at the same time when he is awarded punishment, whether such acts are related or not.
The period between the pronouncing of an award of disciplinary punishment and its execution shall not exceed one month.
When a prisoner of war is awarded a further disciplinary punishment, a period of at least three days shall elapse between the execution of any two of the punishments, if the duration of one of these is ten days or more.
Article 91
The escape of a prisoner of war shall be deemed to have succeeded when:
1. He has joined the armed forces of the Power on which he depends, or those of an allied Power;
2. He has left the territory under the control of the Detaining Power, or of an ally of the said Power;
3. He has joined a ship flying the flag of the Power on which he depends, or of an allied Power, in the territorial waters of the Detaining Power, the said ship not being under the control of the last named Power.
Prisoners of war who have made good their escape in the sense of this Article and who are recaptured, shall not be liable to any punishment in respect of their previous escape.
Article 92
A prisoner of war who attempts to escape and is recaptured before having made good his escape in the sense of Article 91 shall be liable only to a disciplinary punishment in respect of this act, even if it is a repeated offence.
A prisoner of war who is recaptured shall be handed over without delay to the competent military authority.
Article 88, fourth paragraph, notwithstanding, prisoners of war punished as a result of an unsuccessful escape may be subjected to special surveillance. Such surveillance must not affect the state of their health, must be undergone in a prisoner of war camp, and must not entail the suppression of any of the safeguards granted them by the present Convention.
Article 93
Escape or attempt to escape, even if it is a repeated offence, shall not be deemed an aggravating circumstance if the prisoner of war is subjected to trial by judicial proceedings in respect of an offence committed during his escape or attempt to escape.
In conformity with the principle stated in Article 83, offences committed by prisoners of war with the sole intention of facilitating their escape and which do not entail any violence against life or limb, such as offences against public property, theft without intention of self-enrichment, the drawing up or use of false papers, the wearing of civilian clothing, shall occasion disciplinary punishment only.
Prisoners of war who aid or abet an escape or an attempt to escape shall be liable on this count to disciplinary punishment only.
Article 94
If an escaped prisoner of war is recaptured, the Power on which he depends shall be notified thereof in the manner defined in Article 122, provided notification of his escape has been made.
Article 95
A prisoner of war accused of an offence against discipline shall not be kept in confinement pending the hearing unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power would be so kept if he were accused of a similar offence , or if it is essential in the interests of camp order and discipline.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting the disposal of an offence against discipline shall be reduced to an absolute minimum and shall not exceed fourteen days.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to prisoners of war who are in confinement awaiting the disposal of offences against discipline.
Article 96
Acts which constitute offences against discipline shall be investigated immediately.
Without prejudice to the competence of courts and superior military authorities, disciplinary punishment may be ordered only by an officer having disciplinary powers in his capacity as camp commander, or by a responsible officer who replaces him or to whom he has delegated his disciplinary powers.
In no case may such powers be delegated to a prisoner of war or be exercised by a prisoner of war.
Before any disciplinary award is pronounced, the accused shall be given precise information regarding the offences of which he is accused, and given an opportunity of explaining his conduct and of defending himself. He shall be permitted, in particular, to call witnesses and to have recourse, if necessary, to the services of a qualified interpreter. The decision shall be announced to the accused prisoner of war and to the prisoners' representative.
A record of disciplinary punishments shall be maintained by the camp commander and shall be open to inspection by representatives of the Protecting Power.
Article 97
Prisoners of war shall not in any case be transferred to penitentiary establishments (prisons, penitentiaries, convict prisons, etc.) to undergo disciplinary punishment therein.
All premises in which disciplinary punishments are undergone shall conform to the sanitary requirements set forth in Article 25. A prisoner of war undergoing punishment shall be enabled to keep himself in a state of cleanliness, in conformity with Article 29.
Officers and persons of equivalent status shall not be lodged in the same quarters as non-commissioned officers or men.
Women prisoners of war undergoing disciplinary punishment shall be confined in separate quarters from male prisoners of war and shall be under the immediate supervision of women.
Article 98
A prisoner of war undergoing confinement as a disciplinary punishment, shall continue to enjoy the benefits of the provisions of this Convention except in so far as these are necessarily rendered inapplicable by the mere fact that he is confined. In no case may he be deprived of the benefits of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126.
A prisoner of war awarded disciplinary punishment may not be deprived of the prerogatives attached to his rank.
Prisoners of war awarded disciplinary punishment shall be allowed to exercise and to stay in the open air at least two hours daily.
They shall be allowed, on their request, to be present at the daily medical inspections. They shall receive the attention which their state of health requires and, if necessary, shall be removed to the camp infirmary or to a hospital.
They shall have permission to read and write, likewise to send and receive letters. Parcels and remittances of money, however, may be withheld from them until the completion of the punishment; they shall meanwhile be entrusted to the prisoners' representative, who will hand over to the infirmary the perishable goods contained in such parcels. m. Judicial proceedings
Article 99
No prisoner of war may be tried or sentenced for an act which is not forbidden by the law of the Detaining Power or by international law, in force at the time the said act was committed.
No moral or physical coercion may be exerted on a prisoner of war in order to induce him to admit himself guilty of the act of which he is accused.
No prisoner of war may be convicted without having had an opportunity to present his defence and the assistance of a qualified advocate or counsel.
Article 100
Prisoners of war and the Protecting Powers shall be informed as soon as possible of the offences which are punishable by the death sentence under the laws of the Detaining Power.
Other offences shall not thereafter be made punishable by the death penalty without the concurrence of the Power upon which the prisoners of war depend.
The death sentence cannot be pronounced on a prisoner of war unless the attention of the court has, in accordance with Article 87, second paragraph, been particularly called to the fact that since the accused is not a national of the Detaining Power, he is not bound to it by any duty of allegiance, and that he is in its power as the result of circumstances independent of his own will.
Article 101
If the death penalty is pronounced on a prisoner of war, the sentence shall not be executed before the expiration of a period of at least six months from the date when the Protecting Power receives, at an indicated address, the detailed communication provided for in Article 107.
Article 102
A prisoner of war can be validly sentenced only if the sentence has been pronounced by the same courts according to the same procedure as in the case of members of the armed forces of the Detaining Power, and if, furthermore, the provisions of the present Chapter have been observed.
Article 103
Judicial investigations relating to a prisoner of war shall be conducted as rapidly as circumstances permit and so that his trial shall take place as soon as possible. A prisoner of war shall not be confined while awaiting trial unless a member of the armed forces of the Detaining Power would be so confined if he were accused of a similar offence, or if it is essential to do so in the interests of national security. In no circumstances shall this confinement exceed three months.
Any period spent by a prisoner of war in confinement awaiting trial shall be deducted from any sentence of imprisonment passed upon him and taken into account in fixing any penalty.
The provisions of Articles 97 and 98 of this Chapter shall apply to a prisoner of war whilst in confinement awaiting trial.
Article 104
In any case in which the Detaining Power has decided to institute judicial proceedings against a prisoner of war, it shall notify the Protecting Power as soon as possible and at least three weeks before the opening of the trial. This period of three weeks shall run as from the day on which such notification reaches the Protecting Power at the address previously indicated by the latter to the Detaining Power.
The said notification shall contain the following information:
1. Surname and first names of the prisoner of war, his rank, his army, regimental, personal or serial number, his date of birth, and his profession or trade, if any;
2. Place of internment or confinement;
3. Specification of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned, giving the legal provisions applicable;
4 . Designation of the court which will try the case, like wise the date and place fixed for the opening of the trial.
The same communication shall be made by the Detaining Power to the prisoners' representative.
If no evidence is submitted, at the opening of a trial, that the notification referred to above was received by the Protecting Power, by the prisoner of war and by the prisoners' representative concerned, at least three weeks before the opening of the trial, then the latter cannot take place and must be adjourned.
Article 105
The prisoner of war shall be entitled to assistance by one of his prisoner comrades, to defence by a qualified advocate or counsel of his own choice, to the calling of witnesses and, if he deems necessary, to the services of a competent interpreter. He shall be advised of these rights by the Detaining Power in due time before the trial.
Failing a choice by the prisoner of war, the Protecting Power shall find him an advocate or counsel, and shall have at least one week at its disposal for the purpose. The Detaining Power shall deliver to the said Power, on request, a list of persons qualified to present the defence. Failing a choice of an advocate or counsel by the prisoner of war or the Protecting Power, the Detaining Power shall appoint a competent advocate or counsel to conduct the defence.
The advocate or counsel conducting the defence on behalf of the prisoner of war shall have at his disposal a period of two weeks at least before the opening of the trial, as well as the necessary facilities to prepare the defence of the accused. He may, in particular, freely visit the accused and interview him in private. He may also confer with any witnesses for the defence, including prisoners of war. He shall have the benefit of these facilities until the term of appeal or petition has expired.
Particulars of the charge or charges on which the prisoner of war is to be arraigned, as well as the documents which are generally communicated to the accused by virtue of the laws in force in the armed forces of the Detaining Power, shall be communicated to the accused prisoner of war in a language which he understands, and in good time before the opening of the trial. The same communication in the same circumstances shall be made to the advocate or counsel conducting the defence on behalf of the prisoner of war.
The representatives of the Protecting Power shall be entitled to attend the trial of the case, unless, exceptionally, this is held in camera in the interest of State security. In such a case the Detaining Power shall advise the Protecting Power accordingly.
Article 106
Every prisoner of war shall have, in the same manner as the members of the arrned forces of the Detaining Power, the right of appeal or petition from any sentence pronounced upon him, with a view to the quashing or revising of the sentence or the reopening of the trial. He shall be fully informed of his right to appeal or petition and of the time limit within which he may do so.
Article 107
Any judgment and sentence pronounced upon a prisoner of war shall be immediately reported to the Protecting Power in the form of a surnrnary communication, which shall also indicate whether he has the right of appeal with a view to the quashing of the sentence or the reopening of the trial. This comrnunication shall likewise be sent to the prisoners' representative concerned. It shall also be sent to the accused prisoner of war in a language he understands, if the sentence was not pronounced in his presence. The Detaining Power shall also immediately communicate to the Protecting Power the decision of the prisoner of war to use or to waive his right of appeal.
Furthermore, if a prisoner of war is finally convicted or if a sentence pronounced on a prisoner of war in the first instance is a death sentence, the Detaining Power shall as soon as possible address to the Protecting Power a detailed communication containing:
1. The precise wording of the finding and sentence;
2. A summarized report of any preliminary investigation and of the trial, emphasizing in particular the elements of the prosecution and the defence;
3. Notification, where applicable, of the establishment where the sentence will be served.
The communications provided for in the foregoing subparagraphs shall be sent to the Protecting Power at the address previously made known to the Detaining Power.
Article 108
Sentences pronounced on prisoners of war after a conviction has become duly enforceable, shall be served in the same establishments and under the same conditions as in the case of members of the arrned forces of the Detaining Power. These conditions shall in all cases conform to the requirements of health and humanity.
A woman prisoner of war on whom such a sentence has been pronounced shall be confined in separate quarters and shall be under the supervision of women.
In any case, prisoners of war sentenced to a penalty depriving them of their liberty shall retain the benefit of the provisions of Articles 78 and 126 of the present Convention. Furthermore, they shall be entitled to receive and despatch correspondence, to receive at least one relief parcel monthly, to take regular exercise in the open air, to have the medical care required by their state of health, and the spiritual assistance they may desire. Penalties to which they may be subjected shall be in accordance with the provisions of Article 87, third paragraph.
PART IV
TERMINATION OF CAPTIVITY
SECTION I
DIRECT REPATRIATION AND ACCOMMODATION IN NEUTRAL COUNTRIES
Article 109
Subject to the provisions of the third paragraph of this Article, Parties to the conflict are bound to send back to their own country, regardless of number or rank, seriously wounded and seriously sick prisoners of war, after having cared for them until they are fit to travel, in accordance with the first paragraph of the following Article.
Throughout the duration of hostilities, Parties to the conflict shall endeavour, with the cooperation of the neutral Powers concerned, to make arrangements for the accommodation in neutral countries of the sick and wounded prisoners of war referred to in the second paragraph of the following Article. They may, in addition, conclude agreements with a view to the direct repatriation or internment in a neutral country of able-bodied prisoners of war who have undergone a long period of captivity.
No sick or injured prisoner of war who is eligible for repatriation under the first paragraph of this Article, may be repatriated against his will during hostilities.
Article 110
The following shall be repatriated direct:
1. Incurably wounded and sick whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely diminished.
2. Wounded and sick who, according to medical opinion, are not likely to recover within one year, whose condition requires treatment and whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely diminished.
3. Wounded and sick who have recovered, but whose mental or physical fitness seems to have been gravely and pemmanently diminished.
The following may be accommodated in a neutral country:
1. Wounded and sick whose recovery may be expected within one year of the date of the wound or the beginning of the illness, if treatment in a neutral country might increase the prospects of a more certain and speedy recovery.
2. Prisoners of war whose mental or physical health, according to medical opinion, is seriously threatened by continued captivity, but whose accommodation in a neutral country might remove such a threat.
The conditions which prisoners of war accommodated in a neutral country must fulfil in order to permit their repatriation shall be fixed, as shall likewise their status, by agreement between the Powers concemed. In general, prisoners of war who have been accommodated in a neutral country, and who belong to the following categories, should be repatriated:
1. Those whose state of health has deteriorated so as to fulfil the conditions laid down for direct repatriation;
2. Those whose mental or physical powers remain, even after treatment, considerably impaired.
If no special agreements are concluded between the Parties to the conflict concemed, to detemmine the cases of disablement or sickness entailing direct repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country, such cases shall be settled in accordance with the principles laid down in the Model Agreement conceming direct repatriation and accommodation in neutral countries of wounded and sick prisoners of war and in the Regulations conceming Mixed Medical Commissions annexed to the present Convention.
Article 111
The Detaining Power, the Power on which the prisoners of war depend, and a neutral Power agreed upon by these two Powers, shall endeavour to conclude agreements which will enable prisoners of war to be interned in the territory of the said neutral Power until the close of hostilities.
Article 112
Upon the outbreak of hostilities, Mixed Medical Commissions shall be appointed to examine sick and wounded prisoners of war, and to make all appropriate decisions regarding them. The appointment, duties and functioning of these Commissions shall be in conformity with the provisions of the Regulations annexed to the present Convention.
However, prisoners of war who, in the opinion of the medical authorities of the Detaining Power, are manifestly seriously injured or seriously sick, may be repatriated without having to be examined by a Mixed Medical Commission.
Article 113
Besides those who are designated by the medical authorities of the Detaining Power, wounded or sick prisoners of war belonging to the categories listed below shall be entitled to present themselves for examination by the Mixed Medical Commissions provided for in the foregoing Article:
1. Wounded and sick proposed by a physician or surgeon who is of the same nationality, or a national of a Party to the conflict allied with the Power on which the said prisoners depend, and who exercises his functions in the camp.
2. Wounded and sick proposed by their prisoners' representative.
3. Wounded and sick proposed by the Power on which they depend, or by an organization du ly recognized by the said Power and giv ing as s i stance to the prisoners.
Prisoners of war who do not belong to one of the three foregoing categories may nevertheless present themselves for examination by Mixed Medical Commissions, but shall be examined only after those belonging to the said categories.
The physician or surgeon of the same nationality as the prisoners who present themselves for examination by the Mixed Medical Commission, likewise the prisoners' representative of the said prisoners, shall have permission to be present at the examination.
Article 114
Prisoners of war who meet with accidents shall, unless the injury is self-inflicted, have the benefit of the provisions of this Convention as regards repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country.
Articie 115
No prisoner of war on whom a disciplinary punishment has been imposed and who is eligible for repatriati on or for accommodation in a ne utral country, may be kept back on the plea that he has not undergone his punishment.
Prisoners of war detained in c on necti on with a j udicial prosec uti on or conviction and who are designated for repatriation or accommodation in a neutral country, may benefit by such measures before the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment, if the Detaining Power consents.
Parties to the conflict shall communicated to each other the names of those who will be detained until the end of the proceedings or the completion of the punishment.
Article 116
The costs of repatriating prisoners of war or of transporting them to a neutral country shall be borne, from the frontiers of the Detaining Power, by the Power on which the said prisoners depend.
Articie 117
No repatriated person may be employed on active military service.
SECTION 11
RELEASE AND REPATRIATION OF PRISONERS OF WAR
AT THE CLOSE OF HOSTILITIES
Article 118
Prisoners of war shall be released and repatriated without delay after the cessation of active hostilities.
In the absence of stipulations to the above effect in any agreement concluded between the Parties to the conflict with a view to the cessation of hostilities, or failing any such agreement, each of the Detaining Powers shall itself establish and execute without delay a plan of repatriation in conformity with the principle laid down in the foregoing paragraph.
In either case, the measures adopted shall be brought to the knowledge of the prisoners of war.
The costs of repatriation of prisoners of war shall in all cases be equitably apportioned between the Detaining Power and the Power on which the prisoners depend. This apportionment shall be carried out on the following basis:
(a) If the two Powers are contigu ou s , the Power on wh ich the prisoners of war depend shall bear the costs of repatriation from the frontiers of the Detaining Power.
(b) If the two Powers are not contiguous, the Detaining Power shall bear the costs of transport of prisoners of war over its own territory as far as its frontier or its port of embarkation nearest to the territory of the Power on which the prisoners of war depend. The Parties concerned shall agree between themselves as to the equitable apportionment of the remaining costs of the repatriation. The conclusion of this agreement shall in no circumstances justify any delay in the repatriation of the prisoners of war.
Article 119
Repatriation shall be effected in conditions similar to those laid down in Articles 46 to 48 inclusive of the present Convention for the transfer of prisoners of war, having regard to the provisions of Article 118 and to those of the following paragraphs.
On repatriation, any articles of value impounded from prisoners of war under Article 18, and any foreign currency which has not been converted into the currency of the Detaining Power, shall be restored to them. Articles of value and foreign currency which, for any reason whatever, are not restored to prisoners of war on repatriation, shall be despatched to the Information Bureau set up under Article 122.
Prisoners of war shall be allowed to take with them their personal effects, and any correspondence and parcels which have arrived for them. The weight of such baggage may be limited, if the conditions of repatriation so require, to what each prisoner can reasonably carry. Each prisoner shall in all cases be authorized to carry at least twenty-five kilograms.
The other personal effects of the repatriated prisoner shall be left in the charge of the Detaining Power which shall have them forwarded to him as soon as it has concluded an agreement to this effect, regulating the conditions of transport and the payment of the costs involved, with the Power on which the prisoner depends.
Prisoners of war against whom criminal proceedings for an indictable offence are pending may be detained until the end of such proceedings, and, if necessary, until the completion of the punishment. The same shall apply to, prisoners of war already convicted for an indictable offence.
Parties to the conflict shall communicate to each other the names of any prisoners of war who are detained until the end of the proceedings or until punishment has been completed. By agreement between the Parties to the conflict, commissions shall be established for the purpose of searching for dispersed prisoners of war and of assuring their repatriation with the least possible delay.
SECTION 111
DEATH OF PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 120
Wills of prisoners of war shall be drawn up so as to satisfy the conditions of validity required by the legislation of their country of origin, which will take steps to inform the Detaining Power of its requirements in this respect. At the request of the prisoner of war and, in all cases, after death, the will shall be transmitted without delay to the Protecting Power; a certified copy shall be sent to the Central Agency.
Death certificates in the form annexed to the present Convention, or lists certified by a responsible officer, of all persons who die as prisoners of war shall be forwarded as rapidly as possible to the Prisoner of War Information Bureau established in accordance with Article 122. The death certificates or certified lists shall show particulars of identity as set out in the third paragraph of Article 17, and also the date and place of death, the cause of death, the date and place of burial and all particulars necessary to identify the graves.
The burial or cremation of a prisoner of war shall be preceded by a medical examination of the body with a view to confirming death and enabling a report to be made and, where necessary, establishing identity.
The detaining authorities shall ensure that prisoners of war who have died in captivity are honourably buried, if possible according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged, and that their graves are respected, suitably maintained and marked so as to be found at any time. Wherever possible, deceased prisoners of war who depended on the same Power shall be interred in the same place.
Deceased prisoners of war shall be buried in individual graves unless unavoidable circumstances require the use of collective graves. Bodies may be cremated only for imperative reasons of hygiene, on account of the religion of the deceased or in accordance with his express wish to this effect. In case of cremation, the fact shall be stated and the reasons given in the death certificate of the deceased.
In order that graves may always be found, all particulars of burials and graves shall be recorded with a Graves Registration Service established by the Detaining Power. Lists of graves and particulars of the prisoners of war interred in cemeteries and elsewhere shall be transmitted to the Power on which such prisoners of war depended. Responsibility for the care of these graves and for records of any subsequent moves of the bodies shall rest on the Power controlling the territory, if a Party to the present Convention. These provisions shall also apply to the ashes, which shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper disposal thereof in accordance with the wishes of the home country.
Article 121
Every death or serious injury of a prisoner of war caused or suspected to have been caused by a sentry, another prisoner of war, or any other person, as well as any death the cause of which is unknown, shall be immediately followed by an official enquiry by the Detaining Power.
A communication on this subject shall be sent immediately to the Protecting Power. Statements shall be taken from witnesses, especially from those who are prisoners of war, and a report including such statements shall be forwarded to the Protecting Power.
If the enquiry indicates the guilt of one or more persons, the Detaining Power shall take all measures for the prosecution of the person or persons responsible.
PART V
INFORMATION BUREAUX AND RELIEF SOCIETIES
FOR PRISONERS OF WAR
Article 122
Upon the outbreak of a conflict and in all cases of occupation, each of the Parties to the conflict shall institute an official Information Bureau for prisoners of war who are in its power. Neutral or non-belligerent Powers who may have received within their territory persons belonging to one of the categories referred to in Article 4, shall take the same action with respect to such persons. The Power concerned shall ensure that the Prisoners of War Information Bureau is provided with the necessary accommodation, equipment and staff to ensure its efficient working. It shall be at liberty to employ prisoners of war in such a Bureau under the conditions laid down in the Section of the present Convention dealing with work by prisoners of war.
Within the shortest possible period, each of the Parties to the conflict shall give its Bureau the information referred to in the fourth, fifth and sixth paragraphs of this Article regarding any enemy person belonging to one of the categories referred to in Article 4, who has fallen into its power. Neutral or non-belligerent Powers shall take the same action with regard to persons belonging to such categories whom they have received within their territory.
The Bureau shall immediately forward such information by the most rapid means to the Powers concemed, through the intermediary of the Protecting Powers and likewise of the Central Agency provided for in Article 123.
This information shall make it possible quickly to advise the next of kin concerned. Subject to the provisions of Article 17, the information shall include, in so far as available to the Information Bureau, in respect of each prisoner of war, his surname, first names, rank, army, regimental, personal or serial number, place and full date of birth, indication of the Power on which he depends, first name of the father and maiden name of the mother, name and address of the person to be informed and the address to which correspondence for the prisoner may be sent.
The Information Bureau shall receive from the various departments concerned inforrnation regarding transfers, releases, repatriations, escapes, admissions to hospital, and deaths, and shall transmit such information in the manner described in the third paragraph above.
Likewise, information regarding the state of health of prisoners of war who are seriously ill or seriously wounded shall be supplied regularly, every week if possible.
The Information Bureau shall also be responsible for replying to all enquiries sent to it concerning prisoners of war, including those who have died in captivity; it will make any enquiries necessary to obtain the information which is asked for if this is not in its possession.
All written communications made by the Bureau shall be authenticated by a signature or a seal.
The Information Bureau shall furthermore be charged with collecting all personal valuables, including sums in currencies other than that of the Detaining Power and documents of importance to the next of kin, left by prisoners of war who have been repatriated or released, or who have escaped or died, and shall forward the said valuables to the Powers concerned. Such articles shall be sent by the Bureau in sealed packets which shall be accompanied by statements giving clear and full particulars of the identity of the person to whom the articles of the parcel. Other personal effects of such prisoners of war shall be transmitted under arrangements agreed upon between the Parties to the conflict concerned.
Article 123
A Central Prisoners of War Information Agency shall be created in a neutral country. The International Committee of the Red Cross shall, if it deems necessary, propose to the Powers concerned the organization of such an Agency.
The function of the Agency shall be to collect all the information it may obtain through official or private channels respecting prisoners of war, and to transmit it as rapidly as possible to the country of origin of the prisoners of war or to the Power on which they depend. It shall receive from the Parties to the conflict all facilities for effecting such transmissions.
The High Contracting Parties, and in particular those whose nationals benefit by the services of the Central Agency, are requested to give the said Agency the financial aid it may require.
The foregoing provisions shall in no way be interpreted as restricting the humanitarian activities of the International Committee of the Red Cross, or of the relief Societies provided for in Article 125.
Article 124
The national Information Bureaux and the Central Information Agency shall enjoy free postage for mail, likewise all the exemptions provided for in Article 74, and further, so far as possible, exemption from telegraphic charges or, at least, greatly reduced rates.
Article 125
Subject to the measures which the Detaining Powers may consider essential to ensure their security or to meet any other reasonable need, the representatives of religious organizations, relief societies, or any other organization assisting prisoners of war, shall receive from the said Powers, for themselves and their duly accredited agents, all necessary facilities for visiting the prisoners, distributing relief supplies and material, from any source, intended for religious, educational or recreative purposes, and for assisting them in organizing their leisure time within the camps. Such societies or organizations may be constituted in the territory of the Detaining Power or in any other country, or they may have an international character.
The Detaining Power may limit the number of societies and organizations whose delegates are allowed to carry out their activities in its territory and under its supervision, on condition, however, that such limitation shall not hinder the effective operation of adequate relief to all prisoners of war.
The special position of the International Committee of the Red Cross in this field shall be recognized and respected at all times.
As soon as relief supplies or material intended for the above mentioned purposes are handed over to prisoners of war, or very shortly afterwards, receipts for each consignment, signed by the prisoners' representative, shall be forwarded to the relief society or organization making the shipment. At the same time, receipts for these consignments shall be supplied by the administrative authorities responsible for guarding the prisoners.
PART VI
EXECUTION OF THE CONVENTION
SECTION I
GENERAL PROVISIONS
Article 126
Representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have permission to go to all places where prisoners of war may be, particularly to places of internment, imprisonment and labour, and shall have access to all premises occupied by prisoners of war; they shall also be allowed to go to the places of departure, passage and arrival of prisoners who are being transferred. They shall be able to interview the prisoners, and in particular the prisoners' representatives, without witnesses, either personally or through an interpreter.
Representatives and delegates of the Protecting Powers shall have full liberty to select the places they wish to visit. The duration and frequency of these visits shall not be restricted. Visits may not be prohibited except for reasons of imperative military necessity, and then only as an exceptional and temporary measure.
The Detaining Power and the Power on which the said prisoners of war depend may agree, if necessary, that compatriots of these prisoners of war be permitted to participate in the visits.
The delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross shall enjoy the same prerogatives. The appointment of such delegates shall be submitted to the approval of the Power detaining the prisoners of war to be visited.
Article 127
The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of war, to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as possible in their respective countries, and, in particular, to include the study thereof in their programmes of military and, if possible, civil instruction, so that the principles thereof may become known to all their armed forces and to the entire population.
Any military or other authorities, who in time of war assume responsibilities in respect of prisoners of war, must possess the text of the Convention and be specially instructed as to its provisions.
Article 128
The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through the Swiss Federal Council and, during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers, the official translations of the present Convention, as well as the laws and regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application thereof.
Article 129
The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention defined in the following Article.
Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, such grave breaches, and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with the provisions of its own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima facie case.
Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the suppression of all acts contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other than the grave breaches defined in the following Article.
In all circumstances, the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper trial and defence, which shall not be less favourable than those provided by Article 105 and those following of the present Convention.
Article 130
Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be those involving any of the following acts, if committed against persons or property protected by the Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including biological experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, compelling a prisoner of war to serve in the forces of the hostile Power, or wilfully depriving a prisoner of war of the rights of fair and regular trial prescribed in this Convention.
Article 131
No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or any other High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself or by another High Contracting Party in respect of breaches referred to in the preceding Article.
Article 132
At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry shall be instituted, in a manner to be decided between the interested Parties, concerning any alleged violation of the Convention.
If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry, the Parties should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon the procedure to be followed.
Once the violation has been established, the Parties to the conflict shall put an end to it and shall repress it with the least possible delay.
SECTION 11
FINAL PROVISIONS
Article 133
The present Convention is established in English and in French. Both texts are equally authentic. The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish languages.
Article 134
The present Convention replaces the Convention of 27 July 1929, in relations between the High Contracting Parties.
Article 135
In the relations between the Powers which are bound by The Hague Convention respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land, whether that of July 29, 1899, or that of October 18, 1907, and which are parties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be complementary to Chapter II of the Regulations annexed to the above-mentioned Conventions of The Hague.
Article 136
The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to signature until February 12, 1950, in the name of the Powers represented at the Conference which opened at Geneva on April 21, 1949; furthermore, by Powers not represented at that Conference, but which are parties to the Convention of July 27, 1929.
Article 137
The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the ratifications shall be deposited at Berne.
A record shall be drawn up of the deposit of each instrument of ratification and certified copies of this record shall be transmitted by the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
Article 138
The present Convention shall come into force six months after not less than two instruments of ratification have been deposited.
Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months after the deposit of the instrument of ratification.
Article 139
From the date of its coming into force, it shall be open to any Power in whose name the present Convention has not been signed, to accede to this Convention.
Article 140
Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, and shall take effect six months after the date on which they are received.
The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.
Article 141
The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give immediate effect to ratifications deposited and accessions notified by the Parties to the conflict before or after the beginning of hostilities or occupation. The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate by the quickest method any ratifications or accessions received from Parties to the conflict.
Article 142
Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the present Convention.
The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, which shall transmit it to the Governments of all the High Contracting Parties.
The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof has been made to the Swiss Federal Council. However, a denunciation of which notification has been made at a time when the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict shall not take effect until peace has been concluded, and until after operations connected with the release and repatriation of the persons protected by the present Convention have been terminated.
The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power. It shall in no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict shall remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles of the law of nations, as they result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of humanity and the dictates of the public conscience.
Article 143
The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention with the Secretariat of the United Nations. The Swiss Federal Council shall also inform the Secretariat of the United Nations of all ratifications, accessions and denunciations received by it with respect to the present Convention.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF the undersigned, having deposited their respective full powers, have signed the present Convention.
DONE at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French languages. The original shall be deposited in the Archives of the Swiss Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit certified copies thereof to each of the signatory and acceding States.
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